Essay on Satire, Sarcasm, and Irony in Catch-22 by Joseph Heller

Satire, Sarcasm, and Irony in Catch-22 Joseph Hellers narration, dialogue, and characterization in Catch-22 all create a unique perspective of war and our societys bureaucracy. The satire, sarcasm, irony, and general absurdity of the novel provide a view of the irrationality of mans behavior. The horror that is portrayed in Catch-22 is intensified by the humorous way in which it is portrayed. Distortion and exaggeration highlight the characters and scenario while magnifying the confusion. Parallel structure and repetition serve to reinforce the novels themes. The most important and predominant aspects of Hellers style are satire, sarcasm, and irony. Heller pokes fun at the faults of society. At the same time, this humor emphasizes Hellers social commentary much more effectively than he could by simply coming out and stating his opinion. Satire is particularly important in Catch-22. It is often used to highlight the idiocy of the military hierarchy. It also conveys a good sense of humor that opposes and intensifies the dark seriousness of the book. Language is also satirized when Heller makes fun of the official jargon used by military personnel. Sarcasm could be considered a counterpart of satire. The characters portrayed in the novel use sarcasm profusely. The authors view is made clear with the blatant sarcasm used by both Yossarian and the fibber ...how much reverence can you have for a supreme Being who finds it necessary to include such phenomena as phlegm and tooth decay in His nobleman system of creation?( 98) Irony is a nonher important aspect of the novel. Irony is an integral part of the Catch-22 philosophy. The irony of the catch is that it perpetuates itsel... ... in the novel. For example Im coolness, Snowden said softly. Im cold Youre going to be all right, kid, Yossarian reassured him with a grin. Youre going to be all right. Im cold, Snowden said again in a frail, childlike voice. Im cold. There, there, Yossarian said, because he d id not know what else to say. There, there. Im cold, Snowden whispered. Im cold. There, there. There, there. All of these aspects of style come together very well. They play off of each other and are combined easily and appropriately. It is this culmination of styles that makes Catch-22 so effective. Works Cited and Consulted Heller, Joseph. Catch-22. New York. Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Kennard, Jean E. Joseph Heller At War with Absurdity. Contemporary Literary Criticism.(75-87) Ed. Roger Matuz. DetroitL Gale 1990.

Violent Athletes Essay -- Essays Papers

Violent AthletesWhen Indiana Pacer, Ron Artest, charged into the stands with forty-five seconds remaining in a NBA game, last November, between the Pacers and the Detroit Pistons, the horrify waves reverberated immediately. Video clips showed Artest pummeling Pistons fans with his fists. Replays also revealed that it was fans, throwing a cup of beer at Artest, which sent the NBA superstar on his rampage. It was one of the ugliest incidents ever seen in American professional sports. Sports fans and non-sports fans alike witnessed the disorganised turn upbreak of violence from the serenity of their own living rooms. NBA junkies saw the scene unfold during the games feel broadcast on cable TV. Sports fans caught highlights of the melee on ESPNs SportsCenter. American housewives experienced the outrage as they watched their local ten oclock evening news. For weeks this basketball brawl was non only headlines news on sports pages but it also became the accent of mainstream American debate. Everyone had an opinion on who was to blame It was the players who began the brawl on the court and then took it into the stands. It was the fans who provoked multimillionaire athletes into anger by throwing debris down on them. It was the palace at Auburn Hills security who failed to bring the situation under control. It was the NBA for encouraging such thuggish behavior from its players and then allowing their violence to take place on live TV. Opinion makers from all perspectives weighed in on the issue. Newspaper columnists and TV talking heads kept the brawl in the national spotlight. Some condemned the incident some pardon it, and some just wondered what all the fuss was over. In the end five Pacers players and seven Pistons fans were charged... ...at they agree on. Or at least one that they are not so strongly divided over. Hopefully this will help strengthen the debate both in the media and outside of it, as Americans try to figure out if athletes really are good role models for our youth.Works Cited BasketBrawl.US. http//www.basketbrawl.us.Limbaugh, Rush. Time for NBA to Stop Pretending. 8 December 2004. http//www.rushlimbaugh.com/home/estack/time_for_nba_to_stop_pretending.guest.htmlPostman, Neil. Amusing Ourselves to Death Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business. Penguin Books, New York 1986.Simpson, Carole. Where Are the Role Models? ABC NEWS. 28 November 2004. http//search.abcnews.go.com/US/id=2800796. Accessed 10 March 2005.Traudt, Paul J. Media, Audiences, Effects An Introduction to the study of media discipline and audience analysis. Pearson Education Inc. 2005.

Entrepreneurship for Social Change Essay -- Social Issues, Business, O

Entrepreneurship for brotherly change Is the U.S. doing enough to encourage and support sustainable social innovation?Introduction Throughout U.S. history the nonprofit and giving medication sectors have addressed needs that are not being met by the market place through the provision of a variety of social goods and services ranging from health and human services to environmental conservation. In response to increased demand for these services, the moment of nonprofits has grown by 59% over the past 20 years (Powell and Steinberg, 2006 NCCS, 2010). There are now over 1.5 million nonprofit organizations in the U.S. which news report for 5 percent of GDP, 8.1 percent of the economys wages, and 9.7 percent of jobs (Wing, 2008). Over the same time period, government social programs also rapidly expanded in number and per capita cost (OCED, 2010) .While the social sector contributes significantly to societal well-being, traditional approaches have proven unable to fully address critical social problems or deal effectively with increased need. In the past, good intentions were enough however, the recent push towards increased organizational transparency and accountability left stakeholders politicians, government contract administrators, leaders in the social sector, and service recipients demanding more. This created a paradigm shift, both internal to and external to the sector, in the expectations for social sector providers. Not plainly do organizations need more entrepreneurial approaches to provide innovative and more efficient ways of tackling difficult social problems, but also a inscription to increased outcomes-based program performance assessment. In light of the current fiscal situation, the sector is also experienci... ...nefits that SEs offer because the sector still lacks sufficient government and unrestricted awareness and support. The OSICP and SIF establish a framework for federal involvement in the social innovation process howe ver, they are merely a launching prime for continued discussion. Countries like the UK provide an example of the positive impact that government support for SE can have in building the necessary connect between business, nonprofits, and the government. As the government gains a better understanding of the capabilities and challenges associated with social innovation, it will be better positioned to establish the institutional structures and environmental conditions for SE to flourish. When support appropriately, SEs can provide a self-sustaining, inclusive opportunity to strengthen the national economy while simultaneously serving a social need.

Degeneration of Kurtz, Colonialism, and Imperialism in Heart of Darknes

Degeneration of Kurtz and Colonialism in kindling of Darkness Kurtz was a personal embodiment, a dramatization, of all that Conrad felt of futility, degradation, and horror in what the Europeans in the Congo called progress, which meant the exploitation of the natives by every variety of cruelty and treachery known to greedy man. Kurtz was to Marlow, perspicacious this country, a name, constantly recurring in peoples talk, for perspicacity and enterprise. Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness is a portrait of the degeneration of the ideal of Kurtz symbolizing the degeneration of the ideal of compoundism as civilizing work. The fading of the idealist mirage of civilizing work in Africa has to be wiz of the central themes of Heart of Darkness. This theme forms the background of the whole story, from beginning to end, before the character of Kurtz is even introduced. The commission of Heart of Darkness is not on the manage topic of the colonial presence on the native population, but on the reflected effect on the colonial occupiers. Centrally, the whole story being told directly is the effect on Marlow of his colonial adventure. Marlow here reflects or represents his Western ideological origins coming to terms with the reality of the Congo. It was not merely the economic relations of commodity mass meeting which so often in the colonies, it was the respectability of society it was the very identity of the occupying force and it was the emptiness of the occidental colonial myth of individualism. The degeneration of Kurtz is thus indivisible from the other degeneration. Marlow, on his return to civilization, learns from Kurtzs cousin that he was a universal genius (Conrad 71). What ... ...ause the heart of humanity does not lie in the individual, it lies outside, in society, in language, in active engagement with a human world. Kurtz was more capable than anyone else of conquering the world, but the world, and the savagery, conqu ered him. Works Cited Adelman, Gary. Heart of Darkness Search for the Unconscious. Boston Little & Brown, 1987. Bradley, Candice. Africa and Africans in Conrads Heart of Darkness. (24 Jan. 1996). Online Internet. 3 October 1998. Available http//www.lawrence.edu/johnson/heart. Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. Ed. Robert Kimbrough. 17th ed. New York Norton, 1988. Rosmarin, Adena. Darkening the Reader Reader resolution Criticism and Heart of Darkness. Joseph Conrad Heart of Darkness A Case Study in Contemporary Criticism. Ed. Ross C. Murfin. New York St. Martins, 1989. Degeneration of Kurtz, Colonialism, and Imperialism in Heart of DarknesDegeneration of Kurtz and Colonialism in Heart of Darkness Kurtz was a personal embodiment, a dramatization, of all that Conrad felt of futility, degradation, and horror in what the Europeans in the Congo called progress, which meant the exploitation of the natives by every variety of cruelty and treachery known to gr eedy man. Kurtz was to Marlow, penetrating this country, a name, constantly recurring in peoples talk, for cleverness and enterprise. Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness is a portrait of the degeneration of the ideal of Kurtz symbolizing the degeneration of the ideal of colonialism as civilizing work. The fading of the idealist mirage of civilizing work in Africa has to be one of the central themes of Heart of Darkness. This theme forms the background of the whole story, from beginning to end, before the character of Kurtz is even introduced. The focus of Heart of Darkness is not on the direct effect of the colonial presence on the native population, but on the reflected effect on the colonial occupiers. Centrally, the whole story being told directly is the effect on Marlow of his colonial adventure. Marlow here reflects or represents his Western ideological origins coming to terms with the reality of the Congo. It was not merely the economic relations of commodity excha nge which so often in the colonies, it was the respectability of society it was the very identity of the occupying force and it was the emptiness of the western colonial myth of individualism. The degeneration of Kurtz is thus inseparable from the other degeneration. Marlow, on his return to civilization, learns from Kurtzs cousin that he was a universal genius (Conrad 71). What ... ...ause the heart of humanity does not lie in the individual, it lies outside, in society, in language, in active engagement with a human world. Kurtz was more capable than anyone else of conquering the world, but the world, and the savagery, conquered him. Works Cited Adelman, Gary. Heart of Darkness Search for the Unconscious. Boston Little & Brown, 1987. Bradley, Candice. Africa and Africans in Conrads Heart of Darkness. (24 Jan. 1996). Online Internet. 3 October 1998. Available http//www.lawrence.edu/johnson/heart. Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. Ed. Robert Kimbrough. 17th ed. New York Norton, 1988. Rosmarin, Adena. Darkening the Reader Reader Response Criticism and Heart of Darkness. Joseph Conrad Heart of Darkness A Case Study in Contemporary Criticism. Ed. Ross C. Murfin. New York St. Martins, 1989.

A Universal Game of Literacy Essay -- Reading Writing Language Essays

A Universal Game of LiteracyThe blank page is nothingness-the silence-on which the wrangle enact their epic journey, which is both a quest for a meaning and a creation of meaning.O. B. HardisonThe Bible introduced the concept of God as a origin of the universe. In contrast, Darwins theory supplanted the idea of a single creator orchestrating all extant processes by affirming the fiber of chance in shaping the reality. According to Darwins story, haphazard events create chaos in the universe and then re-establish order characterized by certain patterns of life. Like the changes in the environment, the emergence of specific patterns cannot be predicted. Yet, no return how chance might shape reality, language adapts to mirror all of the changes. Consequently, by molding language to reflect the emerging patterns of life, chance begets new meanings. Building bridge between time and space and arranging the patterns created by chance inside these domains, language contains the expressi on of meanings. Therefore, using language to describe the surrounding world, we control the universe. The role of language in the formation of reality also makes us reconsider our notions of self and freedom.Fueled by chance, random memes generate new patterns. As Dennett contends, memes deficiency human minds in order to live and reproduce (give rise to a new idea, thought or meme). As soon as a meme assumes a trivial meaning, it is supplanted by other memes. Once a meme is anchored in a brain, it is processed and changed in compliance with the idiosyncrasies of that particular brain. Then, it is passed to other brains. According to this description of memes, an individual cannot generate germinal memes without being influenced by ... ...ht in an effective way, those who have mastered to the art of expression elicit emotions and thoughts from the audience. The ability to achieve this grants immortality to the text and its creator. stochastic events inspire new meanings, containe d in words. Arranging words to transmute time and space, people manage to control the universe. Giving us the freedom of thought, language allows us to impose order on the surrounding world, thus enabling us to create reality and grow. Having the ability to transmute the environment according to our own volition, are we free to do whatever we want? Are we entitled to the right to do so?ReferencesDaniel Dennett, Darwins Dangerous Idea (New York, N.Y. Touchstone books, 1996)George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-four (London Penguin Books, 1990)Jonathan Culler, literary Theory (Oxford Oxford University Press, 2000)

A Universal Game of Literacy Essay -- Reading Writing Language Essays

A Universal Game of LiteracyThe blank page is nothingness-the silence-on which the words enact their epic journey, which is both a quest for a meaning and a creation of meaning.O. B. HardisonThe Bible introduced the concept of God as a creator of the initiation. In contrast, Darwins theory supplanted the idea of a single creator orchestrating all extant processes by affirming the role of chance in shaping the pragmatism. According to Darwins story, random events create chaos in the universe and then re-establish order characterized by certain patterns of life. Like the changes in the environment, the emergence of specific patterns cannot be predicted. Yet, no matter how chance might shape reality, wording adapts to mirror all of the changes. Consequently, by molding language to reflect the emerging patterns of life, chance begets new meanings. Building bridges between time and space and arrange the patterns created by chance inside these domains, language contains the expression of meanings. Therefore, using language to describe the surround world, we control the universe. The role of language in the formation of reality also makes us reconsider our notions of self and freedom.Fueled by chance, random memes generate new patterns. As Dennett contends, memes need human minds in order to tolerate and reproduce (give rise to a new idea, thought or meme). As soon as a meme assumes a trivial meaning, it is supplanted by other memes. in one case a meme is anchored in a brain, it is processed and changed in compliance with the idiosyncrasies of that particular brain. Then, it is passed to other brains. According to this description of memes, an individual cannot generate germinal memes without being influenced by ... ...ht in an effective way, those who have mastered to the art of expression elicit emotions and thoughts from the audience. The ability to achieve this grants immortality to the text and its creator.Random events inspire new meanings, contained in w ords. agreement words to transmute time and space, people manage to control the universe. Giving us the freedom of thought, language allows us to impose order on the surrounding world, thus enabling us to create reality and grow. Having the ability to transmute the environment according to our own volition, are we free to do whatever we regard? Are we entitled to the right to do so?ReferencesDaniel Dennett, Darwins Dangerous Idea (New York, N.Y. Touchstone books, 1996)George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-four (London Penguin Books, 1990)Jonathan Culler, Literary Theory (Oxford Oxford University Press, 2000)

Of Mice of Men Loneliness Theme Essay

Curleys wife is the only women in the story. She might be the loneliest of solely characters. Her husband Curley doesnt treat her well and has no one to peach to. She trys going around talking to others to face a undersized less lonely. Nobody can blame a person for looking This means she is looking for someone to talk to, to feel less lonely. She died when trying to be friendly, when talking to Lennie. This shows the extreme she had to take herself just to communicate with someone. She also thought that men were more comfortable with her than the others. If I catch any one man, and hes alone, I get along fine with him.But just let two of the guys get together an you wont talk. Jus nothing merely mad. Youre all scared of each other, thats what. Ever one of yous scared the rest is goin to get something on you. She talks aout her loneliness on one quote suggest that she is essapally alone on a Saturday night when she is always alone wheater or not they are in. Its one of the way s he shows to us she is lonely. 4. - Satiday night. Everbody out doin sompin. Everbody An what am I doin? Standin here talkin to a bunch of bindle stiffs a nigger an a dum-dum and a lousy o sheep an likin it because they personalt nobody else.Curley is a character who thinks he is simply the best and because of his boxing career he has oer confidence and thinks he is better than all. This bought him to pick on Lennie as he was mentally disable and acts as a tyke. This made him as a hood as he didnt have many friends to spend time with again loneliness leads to many problems like this. He married a women to feel as little less lonely but unfortunately just after 2 weeks they hated each other. I thnk the main reason for this is his wrath over everything and his over protectiveness. As everyone knows he would never be the man of his father his rude, to easily annoyed and has a short temper. This lend to the fight with Lennie where his fall was cut/ broken. Tragically Lennie was b lamed for this and his angry grew further with Lennie.Quote on crooks words Spose you didnt have nobody. Spose you couldnt go into the bunk house and play rummy cause you was black. Howd you like that? Spose you had to sit out here an read booksBooks aint no good. A guy needs somebody to be near himA guy goes nuts if he aint got nobody. tiret make no difference who the guy is, longs he with youI tell ya a guy gets too lonely an he gets sick. This quote shows clear evidence that Crooks is lonely and depressed, consequently shows his quest for some human company.To reduce his loneliness he reads books but thinks that books arent as enceinte as a human relationship. Also is partly frustrated of the racial prejudices directed towards him. The way he structures it is also great to read such as Spose is repeated in a way as if everything is against him. Crooks also know that his colour is the only reason for his loneliness and that the other factors arent the reason for him being left alone. Why aint you wanted ? Lennie asked. Cause Im black. They play cards in there, but I cant play because Im black. They say I stink. This is shown half the way through the story on page 68. He is therefore 100% sure that nothing can stop his nightmare.On the other hands Lennie who is mentally disable but very tall and strong has a friend George. He cares for Lennie and tries to make him comfortable and less lonely. Lennie is picked on by many people because of his disable here Curley picks on him about Lennie tries to not talk back as he doesnt want George to loss him job again.Lennie is lonely because of the fact that he is mentally disabled to the mind of a child therefore would like a child to play with instead of adults and lifting things for business, money and food. He acts innocent and is unable to tell the different between life and finale as many rabbit have been killed under his arms without him knowing this lend to George not allowing his to play with rabbits he lo ves. The problem with him is his lack of knowledge, intelligence and safeness, as this causes a lot of problems when combined with his strength because he doesnt know when to stop. This makes everyone look as if he is dangerous making them stay away from him leading to loneliness.Additionally all this these point together is what makes each character in the story lonely and affects the minds of everyone. Different factors affect each person resulting in a total loneliness.

Charge of the Light Brigade and the Last of the Light Brigade Essay

The al-Qaedas of The Charge of the cleared Brigade and The blend in of the Light Brigade both have to deal with soldiers battling for their country however, the key difference that separates the two is that the theme of The Charge of the Light Brigade has more than of a positive tone than The Last of the Light BrigadeThe themes of both The Charge of the Light Brigade and The Last of the Light Brigade bot have to deal with soldiers battling for their country however, the tone of the two different poetrys is different that differentiate the two. In The Charge of the Light Brigade, the tone of the poem has more of a positive aspect Boldy they rode and well,/Into the jaws of Death,/Into the mouth of Hell/Rode the six hundred,(Paragraph 3, line 6-8). This shows how they boldly rode into battle, which is a more of a positive connotation because they ar doing an act of bravery for their country. In this instance, the people in The Charge of the Light Brigade were portrayed in a more p ositive aspect than the latter. other key contrast between these two poems is that the connotation and the diction they used is quite different. In The Last of the Light Brigade, they use diction that conveys the tone of somber and depression, whereas The Charge of the Light Brigade has a more positive aspect. They had neither food nor money, they had neither service nor trade/They were only shiftless soldiers, the Last of the Light Brigade,(Lines 3-4).This gives the poem a more desolate tone by saying they did not have money or food, and that is the words that the author uses to convey the core in the poem, whereas The Charge of the Light Brigade use more positive diction that gives the reader a sense of optimism. Stormd at with and tanginess and shell,/ boldly they rode and well,(21-22). In this aspect, it shows that the soldiers were given a more positive aspect just by the words they used compared to the Last of the Light Brigade, which is a more desolate poem due to the word s they chose.Over either, the poem is very similar in many aspects, but the differences keep these poems extremely distinct from each other. They all have to do with battle, but the diction and themes in both poems causes them to be different from each other.

Events in Eiffel Tower

In this report I will be discussing many things about the Eiffel Tower. Such topics are when the Eiffel Tower was built, how it was proposeed, and who the architect was. I will as well dissever you about how it was and how it is outright utilise in capital of France. I will besides state the time and materials used to build the Eiffel Tower. I will tell you about Alexandre Gustave Eiffel, the architect and builder of the Eiffel Tower. The Eiffel Tower was built by a man by the name of Alexandre Gustave Eiffel. Gustave Eiffel was born in the social class of 1832 in Dijon and attend the Ecole des Arts et Manufactures in Paris.In school he specialized in the area of design of large metal structures. He then ceremonious his own business in Paris in 1867 and quickly established his reputation with building. He was responsible for such things as the first to use monotonic air for underwater caissons, such as on the railway bridge over the Carunne at Bordeauz. Gustave Eiffel has built a series of ambitious railway bridges, of which intersect across the Dovso at Oportu, Portugal, was the longest at 525 feet (or 160 meters). Then in 1881 he provided the iron skeleton for the Statue of Liberty.He also helped in the French flack at the Panama Canal, where he designed and partly constructed huge locks. Then the project collapsed in 1893 and Eiffel went to prison for two years. In 1900 he took up aerodynamics and worked with that until his death in 1923. Then 1889 Eiffel built his most popular project ever. His most popular project is the Eiffel Tower, which was begun in the year 1885 and finished in the year 1889. It was originally built for the Worlds Fair or Centennial Exposition of 1889 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution.It took him a year to design it and three years to build the tallest structure of that time. The structure was meant to be disassembled after the Worlds Fair was over in the year, but was preserved for former(a) b etter uses. The materials used to build the huge structure were 7,742 tons of iron, 2-1/2 million rivets, and 15,000 pieces of metal. That which brings us to the process of building. To build the tower, the workers would first fabricate all the move in a welding shop, then number them, and send them to the sight.The building design was to be built with cross-braced lattice girders or a diagonal brace, which runs from straight support to vertical support, which allows very little movement. Even in hurricane strength winds there would be only 8. 8 inches (or 22 centimeters) of movement. All the highest quality shaped iron. The Eiffel Tower is resting on 25 square foot (or 2. 25 square meter) masonry piers. The piers are set in seven feet (or two meters) of concrete far on a lower floor ground. The tower has three above ground stages.Below the first political platform, which is at the height of 188 feet (or 57 meters), the four legs are connected by structurally goodish arches. Th e indorsement platform is placed at 380 feet (or 115 meters) where the legs are brought almost completely together. Then the third platform is 911 feet (or 276 meters) above the ground. Above the final platform is the lantern, which warn airplanes above, and the final terrace. Then in 1959 the addition of a radio antenna raised the height of the tower from about 990 feet (or 300 meters) to 1,056 feet (or 320 meters).The tower is now used for other things. The Eiffel Tower in Paris, France is located in the Champ de Mars, on the south bank of the River Seine. Its uses have diversely changed throughout the years. After 1889 and the termination of the Worlds Fair, Gustave Eiffel spent his time to save his monument and find new and profitable uses for the tower. He supervised changes to accommodate a meteorological topographic point in 1890, a military telegraph station in 1903, and laboratories for studying aerodynamics in 1909. Then in 1900, 1923, and 1937 further modifications wer e added.The tower was then used for radio and television transmission, as a meteorological recording station, and has a restaurant and office space. Then for many years the Eiffel Tower was owned by a public firm and was in need of repairs. Then in 1981, the government of Paris took over its management. Then in the years 1981 to 1983, the tower underwent serious renovations and reconstruction in preparation for its 100th anniversary in 1989. The remodeling cost over $40 million, and stripped all the paint off down to the girders, aloof the excess weight, and built new lighter buildings within the tower.The current state of the first level is three glass-enclosed structures a museum and the Cinema, which shows films about the tower. The central level is make up of two of its own sections, each of which has a restaurant Le Perisien, on the lower section, and La Belle France, on the upper section. The third level is the Salle Gustave Eiffel, which provides spaces for conferences, exp ositions, heathenish events, and social gatherings. Also on the second level is a snack bar and souvenir shop.There are also glass-enclosed elevators, which take you to the first and second levels. To conclude my report I would like to say my opinion of this beautiful structure and how it has always been one of the most visited monuments in the whole world. The Eiffel Tower is Paris most loved monuments and will probably never be disliked. The beautiful structural design and architecture just surprises me for its age. So, a masterpiece that was supposed to be torn down after the Worlds Fair has lived a much longer life, a 102-year life.The Eiffel Tower was used in many collectors plates in its early life. The most popular plates number over 82 today. In its life time, the Eiffel Tower has been visited by over 2. 5 million people and is notwithstanding today a tourist trap so from a French military telegraph station to restaurants and souvenir stores, the Eiffel Tower has lived tro ugh it all. The Eiffel Tower also went through two world wars, Vietnam, Persian Gulf, and Desert Storm, so never question the strength of a worldwide known monument.

Taylor’s Scientific Management Principles

Maximum prosperity means not only increase prosperity and productivity of employer or companies but the overall increase efficiency of the employees in form of luxuriouslyer wages, increase standard of living. Taylors stated that prosperity for the employer cannot exists for the prospicient term unless it is accompanied with the prosperity of employees. This statement is very true because unless employees ar not satisfied with their wages, running(a) conditions etc. cannot give their best to the organization.There are some of employers who believe in extracting largest amount of work from their employees at low wages indicates low profits in comparison to the employers who are more full-grown towards their employees keeped more fruitful results because the employees do their work with full interest. It is completely true that company achieve its highest prosperity when he is making his largest daily output.Related turn out Scientific Management Theory and Inefficiencies in Hea lthcareFor e.g. if a successful workman and employer in combination produces 2 pair of shoes in a minute while his competitor produces only 1 pair of shoes in exact time, it is very clear that the previous workman will ingest more wages than later because large profits earned by the organization. Until both men and machine contribute their fullest capacity it is not possible to obtain highest productivity and to exist in competition around the organization and to achieve high prosperity. Therefore, we can say that thither is direct relationship between high prosperity and high productivity.There has been great impact of philosophy of maximum productivity results in maximum productivity on the Statesn society. The concept develops the status towards work in the employees and the worker. They were became more see to itd towards their work as they clearly known that their result bring them handsome wages. Therefore, in early sixties America was on the peak with the wealth and money, the policy of productivity was the main factor. This concept helps to create a sense of responsibility attitude in the mind of employees because there work was directly related to work. This besides result in removing dull times, unemployment or underemployment, poverty. This would insure higher wages and make shorter working hours and better working and home conditions possible.A scientific management deals with the festering and coordination of the welfare of each and every individual in the organization. It has great impact even on development of management and workman by way of its principles. Taylors scientific ideas provided a catalyst for increasing the output of American factories beyond the promise and provided technological advancement. His principles alike help in modifying the American education system by making better use of buildings and classrooms and by standardizing the work. It emphasis on evaluating teaching skills of teacher to determine whether the material used for teaching is appropriate or not and to standardize the system.The Taylors principle helps to generate the law of efficiency in the organization which results in higher wages for higher work than other fellow workers and directly lead to increase in productivity. It provides more flexibility in developing method of production and to apply more dynamic operations. Earlier workers in the organization were not treated as human being but with the emergence of Taylors principles the importance of workmen in the industry increases manifold. They are provided with high wages, regular bonus, promotions, and other non-monetary benefits. He stressed upon the careful selection of employees which match the needs and requirements of the task and also on their training. New departments appeared like personnel and quality control in the organization which results in increasing the efficiency of an organization.However instead of so very much acceptability it faces certain criticism such a s individual differences ignores the economic interests of workers and management and many more.REFERENCEReferred to sites-1.http//www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1911taylor.htmlModern History SourcebookFrederick W. Taylor The Principles of Scientific Management, 1911 great deal organizations theory models emailprotected 3. http//faculty.ncwc.edu/TOCONNOR/417/417lect03.htm THE SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT ERA Dated 6th 2007

Pedagogical Techniques: Cognitive Disequilibrium an Goldilocks Principle

Cognitive Disequilibrium There provide al styluss be assorted mannequins of intellects at classrooms. What be considered the worst educatees do non like to think through a problem or find out how a mechanism proceeds, turn some of the die students may extrapolate the same concepts precisely do not think further close them once they are done breeding what they had to learn. This is when the presence of a teacher communicate them questions comes into play. A proficiency utilise to make students think further is c eached the cognitive disequilibrium. Cognitive disequilibrium is in charge of insolent students to think of better ways why something change states the way it does.The name itself points at im correspondenced loveledge towards a certain publication. Lets dispatch for example a group of students preeminent an experiment where they are mostly sure of what the outcome will be. Their desire to find results that matches their possibility will be biased, and if something in the experiment indicates their theory is not completely square(a) there will be a moment of conflicting cognitions this is what researchers call cognitive disequilibrium. beginning as early as the 1950s, neighborly psychologist Leon Festinger coined the term cognitive dissonance in his book When Prophecy Fails.At the same time, developmental psychologist Jean Piaget realized his work in cognitive developmental theory, including a close approach to cognitive dissonance. He conceptualized that as a child grows up, he will constantly be purpose in the raw learning that will challenge the former beliefs he had, thus making an imbalance in cognition and making the child adapt to a new set of ideas (Colombo, 2002). This kind of conflict continues learning the same way it crowd out affect the process of gathering information. Much like in research, theories nominate change drastically found on how big the changes are when finding new data.According to Chin and Brewe r (1993) there are seven contrary forms of response to inconsistent information, the unpredicted information that can possibly throw off ones already learned knowledge ignoring, rejecting, excluding, abeyance, reinterpreting, peripheral change, and theory change. Beca habit of its ability to change theories and change our science of beliefs, cognitive disequilibrium is not only a concept, but it also serves as a major pedagogical technique. In the context of educational psychology, cognitive disequilibrium can be used as a tool to defy students and their ideas.We can see instances where in class a teacher asks a student a question related to the framework to see if the student is familiar with it, but that does not show understanding of the actual. By asking more in-depth questions of why a student thinks he has the mighty answer or by asking approximately how he came about finding the answer we are solidifying a pathway that shows us why the answer is such. If there is not an exact pathway that could explain how one came to bring to an end that the answer is correct, there may be an error in between that could change the answer. In the case of our lecture class, Dr.Zola has made use of this technique in a couple of occasions to instigate students into thinking deeper about their answers to simple questions he makes. I remember at least one occasion where he asks a simple question about a students take on a subject, and when the student confidently answered, Dr. Zola asked follow-up questions that made the student rethink his response, and thus think better about his argument. Not only would he give follow-up questions, but introduce new ideas backed up by former(a) researchers of prestige that could authentically change the way we think.The times he presents new information that unbalances our beliefs are just followed by very teensy pauses where we reconsider our ideas, until we live to discuss them with other students or we move ahead to new mate rial. Every concept that we rethink due to new information presented should be given(p) a good measuring rod of time to break down what we know about the concept and build up a new endpoint in our minds. By giving us more time to think, we can further build up on the ideas on our mind and solidify the new concepts we are learning.Like I said before, we demand to plan out a pathway that leads us to our concluding ideas or theories. Due to the fact that most of our work in lecture and discussion is establish on partner or group talk we need to be ready to give out our opinions on different matters with a solid argument. It is true that most of the concepts we learn about in lecture are somewhat familiar to us since we have dealt with them ourselves or we have seen people been affected by what researches have to say about cognitive development.However, it is always good to satisfy the need to learn more about different concepts by bringing up new information that will make us see t he concept from a different angle. We need to be adapted to break down what we know about the concept, pick up the details that are still useful to us, get rid of the details that are no longer any useful, and suffer the new details that will shape our concepts in different ways. Goldilocks Principle Another technique used by effective teachers deals with being able to assign tasks and assignments to students so that they fit their levels of skill or prior knowledge.The Goldilocks principle is appropriate for this, since it deals with finding the right level of difficulty materials that are given to students. Like Graesser mentioned it (2008), material that is too easy for the audience will be disregarded as it may take care repetitive from what the audience or students have learned before if the material is too solid, students may find it too frustrating and will give up. This technique suggests that materials and assignments should not be too hard or too easy.At a right, const ant level students will remain engaged with the material. This is related to what ODonnell, Reeve, and metalworker (2008) explained as Vygotskys zone of proximal development as the concept that tells us that a child should be taught at his own level of new-made maturity. This means that a student shouldnt be pushed to work the material as if he has already mastered it or been experienced with it, but that he should work the material as if hes still practicing it. As Wolfe et al. 1998) demonstrated in their article a group of researchers from two different schools experiment how punctuate knowledge can affect students ability to comprehend different materials given. In this experiment, students were given the task to learn about something of background knowledge to them in this case, it was the functions if the human heart. Students were given the same material but in different reading levels. The researchers fix out that little background knowledge on the topic made the students gain about as much knowledge as the students with major background knowledge did.In other words, students whose prior knowledge did not intersection point enough with the contents of the text did not learn well but neither did students whose knowledge overlapped too much with the contents of the text. At the end of their research, they found out that low-knowledge students understood just as much as high-knowledge students when their material was customized for the highly coherent and detailed, just as when the material given to high-knowledge students was presented with coherent gaps that they had to carry out in by themselves.This technique should be used in a classroom environment to reach for those students that are not fully engaged to the material given. In the classroom we could find different types of learners, but it is fair to say that under-challenged and over-challenged students make up most of the class. By finding a way to balance the material and presenting it in a way that is fully detailed for some and challenging for others the instructor will be able to have most, if not all of the class fully engaged. Based on what I have experienced in class, we can say that Dr. Zola has made good use of this technique. Dr.Zola is letting his students use their own background knowledge to overgorge in gaps in the knowledge of other students through discussion. By bringing up questions that almost everybody is familiar with, but that everybody has a different take on, the discussions amongst students can last for a good while, and students always end up learning from each other when sharing stories and background knowledge. After all, there are several(prenominal) ways to keep a variety of learners engaged in the classroom, as by having discussions to keep the class active, incorporate other fields in the material, stimulating the senses of the audience, etc.These last mentioned only keep the class active, and hopefully everybody engaged, but as a teac her one mustiness still work on modify those gaps that some students may have about the material being learned. References Colombo, J. (2002) Infant Attention Grows up The Emergence of a Developmental CognitiveNeuroscience Perspective. Current Directions in mental Science, Vol. 11, No. 6 (Dec. , 2002), pp. 196-200. Retrieved from http//www. jstor. org/stable/20182811 Wolfe, M. W. , Schreiner, M. E. , Rehder, B. , Lahman, D. , Folts, P. W. , Kintsch, W. , & Landaure, T. K. (1998).Learning From Text Matching Readers and Text by Latent Semantic Analysis. dissertate Processes, 25(2/3), 309-336. Graesser (2008). 25 Learning Principles to Guide breeding and the Design of Learning Environments. Life Long Learning at Work and at Home. Retrieved from http//psyc. memphis. edu/learning ODonnell, A. , Reeve, J. , Smith, F. (2008) educational Psychology Reflection for Action. Hoboken, NJ tush Wiley & Sons. Chinn, C. A. , & Brewer, W. F. (1993). The role of anomalous data in knowledge acqui sition A theoretical Framework and implications for.. Review of educational Research, 63(1), 1.Pedagogical Techniques Cognitive Disequilibrium an Goldilocks PrincipleCognitive Disequilibrium There will always be different kinds of intellects at classrooms. What are considered the worst students do not like to think through a problem or find out how a mechanism works, while some of the better students may understand the same concepts but do not think further about them once they are done learning what they had to learn. This is when the presence of a teacher asking them questions comes into play. A technique used to make students think further is called the cognitive disequilibrium. Cognitive disequilibrium is in charge of daring students to think of better ways why something works the way it does.The name itself points at imbalanced knowledge towards a certain topic. Lets take for example a group of students leading an experiment where they are mostly sure of what the outcome will b e. Their desire to find results that matches their theory will be biased, and if something in the experiment indicates their theory is not completely true there will be a moment of conflicting cognitions this is what researchers call cognitive disequilibrium. Starting as early as the 1950s, social psychologist Leon Festinger coined the term cognitive dissonance in his book When Prophecy Fails.At the same time, developmental psychologist Jean Piaget realized his work in cognitive developmental theory, including a close approach to cognitive dissonance. He conceptualized that as a child grows up, he will constantly be finding new information that will challenge the former beliefs he had, thus making an imbalance in cognition and making the child adapt to a new set of ideas (Colombo, 2002). This kind of conflict affects learning the same way it can affect the process of gathering information. Much like in research, theories can change drastically based on how big the changes are when f inding new data.According to Chin and Brewer (1993) there are seven different forms of response to inconsistent information, the unpredicted information that can possibly throw off ones already learned knowledge ignoring, rejecting, excluding, abeyance, reinterpreting, peripheral change, and theory change. Because of its ability to change theories and change our perception of beliefs, cognitive disequilibrium is not only a concept, but it also serves as a major pedagogical technique. In the context of educational psychology, cognitive disequilibrium can be used as a tool to defy students and their ideas.We can see instances where in class a teacher asks a student a question related to the material to see if the student is familiar with it, but that does not show understanding of the material. By asking more in-depth questions of why a student thinks he has the right answer or by asking about how he came about finding the answer we are solidifying a pathway that shows us why the answ er is such. If there is not an exact pathway that could explain how one came to conclude that the answer is correct, there may be an error in between that could change the answer. In the case of our lecture class, Dr.Zola has made use of this technique in a couple of occasions to motivate students into thinking deeper about their answers to simple questions he makes. I remember at least one occasion where he asks a simple question about a students take on a subject, and when the student confidently answered, Dr. Zola asked follow-up questions that made the student rethink his response, and thus think better about his argument. Not only would he give follow-up questions, but introduce new ideas backed up by other researchers of prestige that could really change the way we think.The times he presents new information that unbalances our beliefs are just followed by very small pauses where we reconsider our ideas, until we have to discuss them with other students or we move ahead to new material. Every concept that we rethink due to new information presented should be given a good amount of time to break down what we know about the concept and build up a new conclusion in our minds. By giving us more time to think, we can further build up on the ideas on our mind and solidify the new concepts we are learning.Like I said before, we need to plan out a pathway that leads us to our concluding ideas or theories. Due to the fact that most of our work in lecture and discussion is based on partner or group talk we need to be ready to give out our opinions on different matters with a solid argument. It is true that most of the concepts we learn about in lecture are somewhat familiar to us since we have dealt with them ourselves or we have seen people been affected by what researches have to say about cognitive development.However, it is always good to satisfy the need to learn more about different concepts by bringing up new information that will make us see the concept fr om a different angle. We need to be able to break down what we know about the concept, pick up the details that are still useful to us, get rid of the details that are no longer any useful, and accept the new details that will shape our concepts in different ways. Goldilocks Principle Another technique used by effective teachers deals with being able to assign tasks and assignments to students so that they fit their levels of skill or prior knowledge.The Goldilocks principle is appropriate for this, since it deals with finding the right level of difficulty materials that are given to students. Like Graesser mentioned it (2008), material that is too easy for the audience will be disregarded as it may seem repetitive from what the audience or students have learned before if the material is too hard, students may find it too frustrating and will give up. This technique suggests that materials and assignments should not be too hard or too easy.At a right, constant level students will re main engaged with the material. This is related to what ODonnell, Reeve, and Smith (2008) explained as Vygotskys zone of proximal development as the concept that tells us that a child should be taught at his own level of recent maturity. This means that a student shouldnt be pushed to work the material as if he has already mastered it or been experienced with it, but that he should work the material as if hes still practicing it. As Wolfe et al. 1998) demonstrated in their article a group of researchers from two different schools experiment how background knowledge can affect students ability to comprehend different materials given. In this experiment, students were given the task to learn about something of background knowledge to them in this case, it was the functions if the human heart. Students were given the same material but in different reading levels. The researchers found out that little background knowledge on the topic made the students gain about as much knowledge as th e students with major background knowledge did.In other words, students whose prior knowledge did not overlap enough with the contents of the text did not learn well but neither did students whose knowledge overlapped too much with the contents of the text. At the end of their research, they found out that low-knowledge students understood just as much as high-knowledge students when their material was customized for the highly coherent and detailed, just as when the material given to high-knowledge students was presented with coherent gaps that they had to fill in by themselves.This technique should be used in a classroom environment to reach for those students that are not fully engaged to the material given. In the classroom we could find different types of learners, but it is fair to say that under-challenged and over-challenged students make up most of the class. By finding a way to balance the material and presenting it in a way that is fully detailed for some and challenging for others the instructor will be able to have most, if not all of the class fully engaged. Based on what I have experienced in class, we can say that Dr. Zola has made good use of this technique. Dr.Zola is letting his students use their own background knowledge to fill in gaps in the knowledge of other students through discussion. By bringing up questions that almost everybody is familiar with, but that everybody has a different take on, the discussions amongst students can last for a good while, and students always end up learning from each other when sharing stories and background knowledge. After all, there are several ways to keep a variety of learners engaged in the classroom, as by having discussions to keep the class active, integrating other fields in the material, stimulating the senses of the audience, etc.These last mentioned only keep the class active, and hopefully everybody engaged, but as a teacher one must still work on filling those gaps that some students may hav e about the material being learned. References Colombo, J. (2002) Infant Attention Grows up The Emergence of a Developmental CognitiveNeuroscience Perspective. Current Directions in Psychological Science, Vol. 11, No. 6 (Dec. , 2002), pp. 196-200. Retrieved from http//www. jstor. org/stable/20182811 Wolfe, M. W. , Schreiner, M. E. , Rehder, B. , Lahman, D. , Folts, P. W. , Kintsch, W. , & Landaure, T. K. (1998).Learning From Text Matching Readers and Text by Latent Semantic Analysis. Discourse Processes, 25(2/3), 309-336. Graesser (2008). 25 Learning Principles to Guide Pedagogy and the Design of Learning Environments. Life Long Learning at Work and at Home. Retrieved from http//psyc. memphis. edu/learning ODonnell, A. , Reeve, J. , Smith, F. (2008) Educational Psychology Reflection for Action. Hoboken, NJ John Wiley & Sons. Chinn, C. A. , & Brewer, W. F. (1993). The role of anomalous data in knowledge acquisition A theoretical Framework and implications for.. Review of Educational Research, 63(1), 1.

Establishing Special Courts Catering to Human Trafficking Cases Essay

Last 2012, Ms. Joy Ngozi Ezeilo, an envoy from the United Nations visited the Philippines to observe the situation of serviceman trafficking in the country. Ms. Ezeilo stated that the Philippines is undoubtedly a source country for benevolent trafficking, and the problem is non declining. One of the solutions she proposed to address the problem were finical homages catering to humane trafficking cases. (Reyes, 2012. ) military personnel trafficking thrives in poverty & lack of education, which atomic number 18 the main catalysts for individuals to be ushered into trafficking. (An introduction to gracious Trafficking, 2008.These atomic number 18 around of the problems the government is facing, and the two argon very incorporated because they atomic number 18 the cause and effects of each other. Poverty leads to lack of education, and lack of education leads to poverty. The government is doing what they can to assist minimize the issue, but they admit that it would suff er some time. (Sisante, 2008. ) Education is a way to combat trafficking, due to the fact that education leads to decent employment, and a well-informed individual would be much awake of the dangers of beingness trafficked, thus preventing it to happen in his/her life.However, ideal this may sound, it is non possible to solve poverty and lack of education in a snap. thither has to be other solutions to consider that could be done now and would have a great impact. The cookment of special courts tackling specifically human trafficking-oriented cases is a serviceable solution that would greatly expedite the process of punishing human traffickers and by extension greatly reduce the number of cases of human trafficking in the Philippines, serve welling ameliorate its social, economic, and political consequences.Before special courts as a solution is to be discussed any further, it is important to define what a special court is. Specialized courts be defined by the International Journal for Court Administration as tribunals of narrowly focused jurisdiction to which all cases that fall within that jurisdiction are routed. (Zimmer, 2009) The following paragraphs are going to discuss the counterarguments against special courts, and would be briefly refuted before the three main arguments in favor of special courts are presented. The antagonist may claim special courts as an unnecessary expenditure and inaccessible.They claim that it is unnecessary because the creation of new courts is onerous and constitutes unnecessary expenditures, particularly if cases are seasonal, and coin could go to waste if it remains idle. (Zimmer, 2009. ) The creation of a court would automatically imply expenditures. The court has to pay for the administrative costs, the physical court, and other expenses needed to attend the victims, like court psychiatrists. It would besides require effort on the judiciary, and the Supreme Court, due to the fact that special courts have to b e cross off-up with care in distinguish for its potential in eliminating cases to be maximized. Zimmer, 2009) However, funding is not a strong argument, because the government has money. It is the proper allocation of the funds, or budgeting that is in question. The government has established special courts for environmental cases in 2008, 117 to be exact. (Salaveirra, 2008) If the government has placed effort abundant to set up courts to save the environment, shouldnt it be a priority to set up courts to fight for human trafficking victims, who have been robbed of their rights? Human rights should always be kept in the priority list of the government.Recently, it has been reported that the government is funding the discussion section of Health with 500 million pesos for contraceptives for the year 2013. One of their aims was to combat poverty. (Fernandez, 2012. ) This shows that the government tries to prioritize the poor, however it just shows that they havent thought of much practical ways to combat poverty, without being morally questionable, and without robbing humans the right to life. Chief Justice Puno stated that preservation of human rights and the right to life should be considered more than the financial burden a special court entails. Rempillo, 2007. )This is what the special court for human trafficking should be for, to fight for rights. A $1. 5 million budget or almost ? 65 million is allotted by the national government to support operations against human trafficking, pursuit of offenders, and for the certificate of the public. (IACAT, 2012. ) The special courts would drop by the wayside this budget to be maximized to its full potential in expediting human trafficking cases. Public access could in like manner be limited. Some judges prefer not to be in a special court setting because it limits their trials to criminal cases. Bakker, 1997) Public access may also be limited due to the fact that you cannot establish it everywhere, and the judges are most believably to stay in their respective courts. If public access is considered a problem, then strategically locating these physical courts would be the solution.To place special courts in accessible areas in which the cases are numerous could really help the victims to easily access justice. Some judges may not want to be in a special court setting because it limits their trials to specific criminal cases. (Bakker, 1997. However, this could turn into an advantage because if they keep seeing the same severalise of cases over and over again, they could render out decisions fast-paced and more efficiently, due to a better understanding of the cases that they deal with. (Zimmer, 2009. ) There are three solutions to human trafficking prosecution, prevention, and protection. (EHTN, n. d. ) The establishment of special courts would aid in prosecution, due to the speedy justice it serves, prevention, since it is an strong deterrent for criminals involved, and protectio n, due to its aims in protecting the victims, and the witnesses during the timeframe of the case.The following paragraphs would elaborate more on why special courts should be established. Firstly, special courts would aid in prosecution and are practical. This is supported by the prevalence of human trafficking, the poor enforcement of justice, specifically in human trafficking cases, the need to distinguish human trafficking as a family of cases that should be differentiated from labor contract violations, the legal precedents such as preceding(prenominal) special courts set-up for heinous crimes, and the successful death penalty of human trafficking courts in other nations.Human trafficking is a serious issue in the Philippines. As pointed out by the UN envoy Ezeilo, the Philippines is a source country for human trafficking. (Reyes, 2012. ) This is due to the fact that when Filipinos go abroad for work opportunities, they get vulnerable to recruitment by double-faced recruitmen t agencies. Internal trafficking is also a serious issue because forced labor, prostitution, shaver labor, and other forms of trafficking are victimizing sizable number who are moving from rural areas to urban centers. para, US subdivision of State, 2011 as cited by (Human Trafficking in East Asia & Pacific.. , n. d. ) The rise of human trafficking cases in the Philippines, particularly in the Visayas region, is 97% in 2012, in comparison to the cases filed in 2010.There were 436 human trafficking victims in Central Visayas alone. (State prosecutors see increase.. , 2012) Another alarming detail is the prevalence of child labor. There has been an idea of more than 2. 2 million working children aged 15-17 in the country. (US Department of State, 2011. as cited by (Human Trafficking in East Asia & Pacific.. , n. d. It is also believed that 60,000-100,000 Filipino children are involved in prostitution rings. (Challenger, 2010. ) The previous information stated imply that there are thousands of potential cases to be filed, and special courts would help in fast-tracking the cases to quash backlog, and to insure fair and speedy justice. The government has fallen short in the enforcement of justice in dealing with human trafficking cases.There were 680 pending or ongoing cases, and an additional 129 cases pending at the Department of Justice during the year 2012. Trafficking in Persons.. , 2012. ) This shows a huge amount of backlog and ongoing cases, which shows the prevalence of the cases, and the lack of readiness on the part of the judiciary when it comes to dealing with human trafficking cases. In the Philippines, it takes three to four years to conclude human trafficking cases, which supports the previous statement about the inefficiency of the judiciary. Human trafficking is a family of cases. It is an organized criminal activity in which human beings are treated as possessions to be controlled and exploited.Forms of human trafficking include sex traffi cking, forced labor, child labor, selling of organs, and recruitment of children in military work, are forms of human trafficking. (Human Trafficking Organized Crime.. , 2012) These crimes (except for the selling of organs) are usually confused with labor contract violations, in which the special court would come in handy. In 2012, there have only been two out of twenty-nine traffickers convicted for labor exploitation, showing that the judiciary is not paying enough attention to it. Trafficking in Persons , 2012. )(Reyes, 2012. ) The special court would help differentiate the two, and allow the human trafficking cases to be dealt with properly. (Trafficking in Persons , 2012) Expertise and uniformity are traits of special courts, and could be put to steady-going use so that there is consistency in applying the law. The expertise of judges in specialized courts are likely to produce better decisions in the respective cases and are less likely to generate appeals to be taken. (Zimme r, 2009. )The judiciary has established several special courts for other cases, which gives a legal precedent for human trafficking courts. The administrative circular no. 104-96 from the Supreme Court discusses the establishment of special courts that cater to heinous crimes for speedy and efficient justice. (Administrative Circular No. 104-96, 1996) This document shows that special courts have been done before, so it implies that it can be done again. Environmental courts, extrajudicial killings, and tax courts are some of the examples of special courts established in the Philippines.Representative Mel Senen Sarmiento of the premiere district of Samar is pushing for the creation of special courts for human trafficking, saying that the Philippines is close to Somalia and Myanmar as regards trafficking, merchandising their mickle like cattle. If congress can create courts for drug traffickers why not a court for human traffickers too? (Quirante, 2010. ) In other nations such as D ubai and India, special human trafficking courts have been stiffly established. Dubai believes that the special human trafficking courts established would speed up cases. Constantine, 2010. ) Meanwhile, the human trafficking court in Mumbai disposed a large backlog of cases in a span of a year, which included 438 cases, and convictions in 81 cases. It also ordered the closure of 11 brothels. (US Officials Impressed, 2011) This proves that it is an effective solution to exercise justice, and to help bring criminals behind bars. A political benefit that the Philippines could gain from establishing special courts is the improvement of the nations ranking in the United States Trafficking in Persons Report.Currently, the nation is ranked in tier 2, which means that the country is making significant efforts to fight human trafficking, but it does not however meet minimum standards. Why should the nation take an effort in improving our tier ranking? If the nation falls into tier 3, the U S would support or withdraw non-humanitarian, non-trade-related foreign assistance as a consequence. (Tiers Placement , 2011) This is important because not only would the country be able to maintain the implementation of rights, but also maintain good diplomatic relations with the United States.Secondly, special courts would help prevent human trafficking. This is due to the fact that the courts would be an effective deterrent to the criminals involved in the crime. It would lessen the economic advantages and benefits that make the industry appealing to bulk, and it would help alleviate the economic and political consequences of human trafficking. When the suspects, and people who are interested in getting involved in the industry, see that justice is being enforced, they will eventually act on their fear of being caught and perhaps stop in their advances.If not, the possibility of them being caught could possibly increase as society becomes more and more aware of human trafficki ng, and more confident in filing complaints as they see justice being served. Not only would it put criminals behind bars, but it would also put their name to shame. In the first quarter of 2013, a new law was signed by President Benigno Aquino. Republic Act 10364, the Expanded Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2012, removed the confidentiality provision in the previous law, RA 9208.RA 9208 does not allow the names and circumstances of the victims and the criminal to be made public at any stage of investigation, rescue, prosecution and trial. With the confidentiality clause removed, this allows the public to know the identity of the criminals, so as not to risk being victimized by them. (Punay, 2013. ) With the special court at hand, the criminals would not only be humiliated publicly, but they will be put to justice quickly. Special courts could aid in alleviating the loss of human resources due to trafficking.In human trafficking, the labor force is misused and therefore, is kept from contributing to the nations economy that causes the loss of revenue. (An introduction to Human Trafficking, 2008) The labor force should be able to provide for their family and contribute to taxes for the betterment of the nation, but with the potential labor force being exploited in human trafficking, this does not allow them to do so. With putting the criminals behind bars in a more efficient way, it prevents people from being trafficked in the first place.Special courts could also eventually help stop the unlawful distribution of national wealth, and influences markets, political power, and societal relations. (An introduction to Human Trafficking, 2008) Traffickers affect fair competition due to the fact that some companies outsource their productions for a cheaper price, not knowing that trafficked people are used in the factories. Traffickers make 32 billion annually. Not only is it untaxed, but people who actually provided the labor do not gain from this. (An Introducti on to Human Trafficking, 2008. )Special courts would also lessen human traffickings political implications due to illegal immigration. Migration policies are tightened because of illegal immigration. Due to these policies, victims are forced to enter other countries illegally, and when they are caught, the may be considered as collaborators which makes the implementation of rights as an issue. (An introduction to Human Trafficking, 2008. ) This could also lead to giving people difficult time in looking for better work opportunities abroad, due to the fact that they could not migrate easily.It benefits people in a way that trafficking could be prevented, but traffickers find other ways to get the victims through the borders. Trafficking victims and smuggled people are different because smuggled people gain their freedom when they reach their destination while trafficked victims are not. (An introduction to Human Trafficking, 2008. ) With the courts established, and the criminals sent behind bars, the opportunity for them to traffic more innocent people in ther nations, where they are subject to human rights violations. It is important to refer to the Mumbai Special court, that was successful in eradicating trafficking in the city to some extent due to the determination of human-trafficking related businesses, and justice being served to the criminals. (US Officials Impressed , 2011) Lastly, special courts would reintegrate the victim to society faster. Human trafficking, as a grave violation to human rights, has a psychological effect on victims.The protection of the victims and the witnesses during the timeframe of the cases trial is also a vital need required of the law, and without this protection, the timeframe is lengthened. There is also a need to make society realize that the victim was at no fault to push it to accept the victim again. How do these things contribute to faster reintegration of the victim to society? Psychological and medical help is req uired of the law, and it is the courts duty to make sure that the victim gets to enjoy these benefits. RA 9208, 2003. ) near human trafficking victims experience post-traumatic stress, which should be brought into attention so that it could be alleviated, thus helping the victim live a normal life again. (Williamson, Dutch, Clawson, 2012. ) This is due to the victims being drugged or being deprived of their basic needs such as food as motivation to work by their traffickers. (Challenger, 2010. ) It is presumed that the specialized court would assist the victims properly, and according to their needs. (Reyes, 2012. )Another responsibility of the court is to ensure protection of not only the victim, but also the witness. It is required by the Anti-Trafficking law. (RA 9208, 2003. ) This would insure protection so that both victims and witnesses wont be afraid to tell the truth. (Reyes, 2012. ) Dubai believes that the special human trafficking court would provide a safe environment fo r witnesses. (Constantine, 2010. ) attention suppresses the implementation of justice. Fear of retaliation causes the victims and/or witnessed to withdraw or decline cooperation which leads to a lengthy trial.In 2010, only 3 trafficking cases were assisted by the Department of Justice due to unwillingness of the victims. (US Department of State, 2011. as cited by (Human Trafficking in East Asia & Pacific.. , n. d. ) The less time it takes to conclude the case, the easier it is for the victim to cooperate, because in indisposed trials, there is a fear of the possibility of the accused party could retaliate and scare off the victim and/or witnesses. In Philippine Special Courts, authorization continuous trial that should be terminated within 60 days and the decision should be rendered within 30. Administrative Circular No. 104-96, 1996) This timeframe is reasonable enough to allow the court to collect evidences and investigate, and for the judge to study the case well in order to r ender a fair decision. Special courts, when they implement justice, would help society realize that the victim was not at fault. It would help society accept the victim. In most cases, being trafficked affects the social stigma of the victim, who is disapproved for returning without promised wealth. high society has the tendency to blame the victim for disgracing his/herself and his/her family due to the fact that they dont realize that the trafficker is at fault, and not the victim. (An introduction to Human Trafficking, 2008. ) With the special court, it would be made clear that the victim was, indeed a victim, and did not consent to the injustices that he/she suffered. This would also show that the government is, indeed, taking the issue seriously, and will do what they can to make sure that the offenders pay for their crimes.It would also help society become aware of the seriousness of human trafficking as an issue in the country. The establishment of special courts is a good an d practical solution that could be immediately applied by the nation. With the implications that the establishment of the special courts is to be well-studied by the judiciary for good implementation, resulting in good, educated decisions in choosing qualified staff, strategic placement of physical courts, then the special court would be maximized in helping towards the eradication of human trafficking.

Analects of Confucius – Analects of Life

Analects of life As the greatest single take in a fifth of the worlds population, Kong Fuzi or Confucius, spread his intelligence on philosophies to try and better the world (pg. 4). The Analects of Confucius is a book that essentially supplies the state of the west with the Chinese code of life in the words of Kong Fuzi. His words and beliefs helped shape Chinese civilization and spread father throughout the west, making Confucius wholeness of the most profound scholars in western history. The book The Analects of Confucius written by Chichung Huang is a translation of the word of the words and beliefs of Confucius.The book focuses on umpteen different themes of life in Chinese cultivation. Filial piety and serious doings are two major themes in the book that go clear in hand. Family is an extremely important part of Chinese culture. Relationships, loyalty and the institution of family as a whole is one of the highest points of significance of society and in china and throu ghout the west family bonds are real sacred and respected. In this culture and throughout The Analects there was especially a great influence and expression of a sons love for his parents (pg. 28). Confucius wrote, In serving your parents, be gentle in remonstration.Seeing that they are non inclined to comply, remain reverent, and do not disobey them. Though weary, do not feel resentful, (pg. 70, 4. 18). A sons job was to practice up his parents at any moment and he was alone considered filial after he served his parents in the correct ways, When his father was alive, he observed his aspirations, when his father died, he observed his deeds. If, for three years he does not change his fathers Way, he may be said to be filial (pg. 49, 1. 11). Filial piety was said to be the first and best of all virtues, and honoring ones family went much farther than daily life (pg. 8). There was also a big emphasis on respecting parents after they had passed away.Confucius said, When your pare nts are alive, serve them in accordance with the rituals when they die, bury them in accordance with the rituals offer sacrifices to them in accordance with the rituals (pg. 53, 2. 5). Chinese cultures portrayed that for a son to be filial he had to serve his parents in three ways to feed them when they are alive, to morn them when they die and to offer sacrifices to them when mourning is over, (pg. 28). It was so much of n importance to serve ones parents after death that Confucius himself said, There is hardly anything that can make a man spontaneously exhaust his grief. If an exception must be made, it is perhaps a parents death, (pg. 181, 19. 17). By instituting these analects of filial piety so intensely into the west and having them obeyed helped establish skillful behavior and put an emphasis on roles of the people. Since filial piety was such an essential virtue it was known for helping to shape young people into loyal law-abiding subjects (pg. 29).Social order and good beh avior was a prominent throughout the west and taught through Confucianism. In Chinese culture reverence and respect was key and went along with good behavior. Confucius said, nowadays filial piety merely means being able to feed ones parents. Even dogs and horses are being fed. Without reverence, how can you tell the difference, (pg. 53, 2. 7). He was essentially trying to verify that if respect isnt important than whats the difference between a parent and a dog. Through reverence and family relationships it helped shape young people and instate good behavior.The analects went into great depth of illustrating being an ethical and good citizen. Confucius said, Keep wholehearted sincerity and truthfulness as your major principles. Do not encourage those beneath you. When you make a mistake, do not be afraid to correct it, (pg. 106, 9. 25). He believed it was better to admit you mistakes than try and cover them up. The Chinese culture did not promote negative behavior or disobedience what so ever. They focused on the gentleman, the most virtuous and talented man, the role stick for everyone else.Confucius stated, the gentleman helps others achieve their good ends he does not help them achieve their evil ends. The small man does the opposite, (pg. 129, 12. 16). The gentleman was essentially the perfect man and promoted good behavior. Having the gentleman in Chinese culture helped uphold and spread the analects and good behavior. Overtime Confucianism and Confucius philosophies spread throughout Chinese civilization and the west and became very popular. Even after Confucius time his students and followers spread his beliefs.His moral codes and ideals were accepted grew more prominent overtime by Chinese civilizations and were adopted by contiguous countries. Although his ideals not always followed in every dynasty and period of time they came back in the time of the Han Dynasty and the civil service exam is an example of how the teachings of Confucius was later intertwined with society. Confucius is a critical scholar and philosopher in western history and for the rest of the world. His teachings will never be forgotten and his analects will always be referred to.

Psychology Reflective Essay

After having various lessons, I would like to thrust a deeper evaluation of the chapter fashion in Social and Cultural Context especially the judgment of ascriptions . It is known that there are ii types of attributions which are internal attributions and external attributions that we generally use to explain our own or others behaviors. Internal f proles concern a persons traits while external factors concern the external environment. In addition, I am actually shocked by the fact that there is a fundamental attribution error when we are explaining others behaviors.There is a real-life example that I would like to share. Last Monday, I was stuck in a traffic jam for half an hour on Nathan Road. I had a lesson at 830 am in Core A and I reached the pedestrian bridge at 825 am, so I was rushing to the classroom. At that moment, a scene annoyed me most and halt my way to school. A boy who was around six years old was too energetic. He dash and rushed around on the footbridge that disturbed others way. He also guffawed and touched or vie with anything and everything he saw.Suddenly, he paced around and glared at his mum. Dont walk like a dopey pig Do you know how to walk? I have been waiting for you for so long He shouted at his mum. At that moment, I was very angry and strongly believed that the boy was so dark and disrespectful that he showed his emotions with no restraint and did whatever he likes without regard for consequences. Based on the above case, the correspondence bias leads me to explain the boys behavior by ignoring the influence of situation on behavior. For example, actually he is a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, so he cannot be affected role and always dash around.However, we tend to emphasize the dispositional attribution that the boy is so naughty and disrespectful. Apparently, we tend to overvalue internal factors and underestimate external factors when explaining others behavior. After understanding the concept of fundamental attribution error, I have an enquiry related to it. Is there an error too when we explain our own behaviors? In order to define out the answer of it, I do some researches on it. Afterwards, I found out that the concept of actor-observer bias which is proposed by E. E. Jones and R.E. Nisbett in 1971 gives a clearer picture on the error of explaining our own and others behaviors. It states that we as an actor are more likely to pass judgment our own actions to the particular situation than to a generalization around our personality while the reverse asymmetry held for people being an observer and explaining others behaviors. Nevertheless, I have doubts round some(prenominal) the fundamental attribution error and the actor-observer bias. In my opinion, I think that both of the ideas only heavily established when describing negative events.For instance, on the one hand, as an actor, when we get bad result on an exam, we commonly connect the reason to the difficul t exam (situational). On the other hand, as an observer, when our friends get bad academic result, we usually attribute the reason to his or her lazy character (dispositional). If the event is positive, the reverse error occurs. With the analogous example but with the condition that both we and our friends get high marks in the exam, we will attribute the reason to hard-working (dispositional) and easy exam (situational) to explain behaviors respectively.Malle (2006) agrees that a reverse asymmetry held for positive events after conducting a mental-analysis. He states that the discrepancy may indicate a self-serving pattern in attribution that we attribute success to internal factors and failure to external factors. Therefore, I believe that we are explaining others by using both the self-serving bias and fundamental attribution error. Overall, the lessons build up my foundation for the psychological concepts and theories and we need to look for the psychological world by ourselve s in order to find out more details, conflicts or so and relationships amidst different ideas.For instance, in order to finish this reflective journal, I used Google scholar to search about the actor-observer bias and the criticisms about it that I did not learn on the book and in lessons. By experiencing the inquisitory process, I have deeper understanding on it and it strongly impresses on my memory. The process also enhances my analysis skill, to reconcile which sources are useful and which sources are not related to my topic. Therefore, I enjoy the process of exploring the psychological intimacy by ourselves.

How does Thomas Hardy delelop suspense Essay

irresolution is the creation of excitement at the approach of the climax, whether of the undivided novel, or just a particular chapter or survey. Tension is the feeling of uneasiness or stress caused by scruple, not inhabiting what impart flux next. It is clear that the two be in truth closely interrelated, and when they argon employed in a schoolbook they have signifi bungholet effects on the reviewer. Suspense and tension keep the lector guessing round what go out ensue, therefore drawing the indorser into the point and, crucially, maintaining their entertain so that they want to read on.doubting Thomas inflexible uses not only his own writing techniques and comment to create incredulity and tension in his novels, but also the behaviour and breeding of his shells. At the beginning, we atomic number 18 presented with the four characters of Rhoda Brook, her son, F brancher Lodge and Gertrude. We are unsure how their races leave alone develop. This uncertainty creates tension, and right from the start, the readers interest is evoked. When daring wrote The Withered subdivision in the late 1800s, a belief in magic was common among all people of the time.This is be in the fable by the characters Rhoda Brook and Conjuror Trendle, who are described as being a witch and a discolor wizard respectively. The inclusion of a magical and supernatural theme in the story is a good way of interesting the reader and creating tension, because as witchcraft and magic are subjects most people in a modern audience know little about, they add to the readers unawareness and curiosity about events in the story. Suspense and tension are created in chapter two, when Gertrude make outs with farmer Lodge.We learn that Rhoda has an illegitimate son with farmer Lodge, and therefore understand her jealous interest in his tonic bride. She tells her son to give her a look, and tell me what shes like If shes dark or fair, and if shes tall as tall as I. When her son returns from his reconnaissance Rhoda interrogates him it is clear she is desperate for all(prenominal) detail. The boy couldnt key how tall she was, because she was sitting down, and Rhoda tells him to watch her at the church the next solar day Go archaeozoic and notice her walking in, and come al-Qaida and tell me if shes taller than I. When he comes back with the information She is not tall.She is rather short. It is clear that Rhoda is delighted Ah said his mother with satisfaction. This scene creates tension and suspense because the reader is wondering how Rhoda Brooks obsession with Gertrude will manifest itself later on in the story? The reader is left(a) over(p) guessing until the onset of Chapter three, where the consequence of Rhodas regular psychological fixation on Gertrude is revealed. It is mentioned at the end of chapter two that from her boys description and the day-by-day words of the other milkers, Rhoda Brook could raise a mental image of the un conscious Mrs Lodge that was hardheaded as a photograph. In chapter three Rhoda has a vision while she sleeps. Gertrude appears as a spirit, sounding old and wrinkled, seats herself heavily on Rhodas chest and thrusts her wedding ring into Rhodas face. Rhoda struggled and thusly In a last desperate effort, swung out her right hand, seized the confronting spectre by its obtrusive left arm, and whirled it backward to the floor. The dream is extremely real and frightening for Rhoda, and it changes the story completely for the reader. Whereas before it was a story about rural life, now its an altogether darker tale that incorporates magic and superstition.The change of atmosphere adds tension, as do Rhodas violent actions. The reader is in suspense, as there are a banding of unanswered questions what will happen now? Where will the story go from this crucial event? What will happen to Gertrude? The latter question is answered later in the chapter, when Gertrude turns up at Rhodas d oor unexpectedly, with a gift for her son. Gertrude reveals that a strange ailment has afflicted her arm and when she reveals it and is questioned about it, it becomes clear to Rhoda that it was made at the same time as she had her vision and Rhodas handprint can be seen upon it.When Gertrude becomes a regular visitor to the cottage, the readers intrigue is increased again, as erst again they do not know what will happen next the suspense remains as there are important questions will Gertrude cure her arm? When, in the last paragraph of chapter three, Rhoda mentions that she has been slyly called a witch since she had farmer Lodges child, suspense is increased because both the reader and Rhoda are unsure whether she is a witch or not. Another utilisation of the creation of suspense and tension can be found in chapter four when Gertrude and Rhoda visit conjure man Trendle.Gertrude hopes that the White Wizard will cure her withering arm, whilst Rhoda fears that she will be reveal ed as the witch who performed the curse. When they arrive at the house, Conjuror Trendle sends Rhoda out of the room this has the effect of unnerving Rhoda and simultaneously adding to the readers intrigue. He then reveals a face to Gertrude in the egg white, but neither the reader nor Rhoda are told who Gertrude sees Gertrude murmured a reply in tones so low as to be inaudible to Rhoda.On the way home the conversation is stilted, and it becomes clear from her responses and manner that she has discovered Rhodas secret Was it you who first proposed coming here? How very odd, if you did Hardy creates suspense and tension in this scene by allowing the reader to form their own cerebration as to what Gertrude saw. This scene is very tense, because Rhoda is left, literally, in suspense as she waits to find out if she has been revealed. The suspense is worn-out out right up until the journey home, as Gertrude says nothing when she comes out of Trendles house What did you see? Nothin g I care to speak of. In the last sentence of chapter four it is bluntly told that Rhoda left the village. her face grew sadder and thinner and in the spring she and her boy disappeared from the neighbourhood of Holmstoke. This one-line dismissal of a major character completely changes the story. By this point in the story, the readers suspense is beginning to wane as they would have formed possible outcomes and plot developments to do with Rhoda and her son, and about her becoming a witch, but by having them leave unexpectedly, the reader is forced to create fresh predictions, thus renewing the suspense and tension.The shortness of the exit, and the neediness of Hardys trademark description, adds to the readers shock, because they were not built up to or inclined(p) for Rhodas leaving it is a surprise. As the condition of Gertrudes afflicted arm deteriorates, so likewise does her marriage. For Farmer Lodge, the withered arm is an anaphrodisiac and he becomes gloomy and silent. Gertrude grows increasingly lonely and forlorn, and this impels her to examine out remedies of all types in the hope of regaining some of her beauty, and winning back her husbands love If I could only again be as I was when he first saw me Complying with her husbands wishes, she destroys her medicines, but her intent for a cure does not diminish. She wishes to try another type of cure entirely, and so she travels to Conjuror Trendle once again. As Gertrudes initial natural wish to cure her arm becomes darker and obsessive, suspense and tension are created once again. Similarly to the curse itself, this appearance of a darker theme in the story creates tension.The reader can also tell that the obsession is heading to a climax, but as the outcome is not known, the reader is left in suspense. The obsession progresses after(prenominal) chapter 7, when Gertrude meets with Conjuror Trendle and he informs her of a possible cure to erode her afflicted arm on the neck of freshly-hanged person. It is here that the story grows even darker, once again hint questions from the reader Will she go through with the cure?Gertrude is hesitant about it, and the task seems so cruddy that it is not clear whether her need for a cure is strong enough to overcome her fears Of all the remedies that the white wizard could have suggested there was not one which would have filled her with as much evil as this. This doubt creates tension, because the reader is again left in suspense, and the closer to the climax we get, the tenser it becomes, especially as Gertrudes desire to complete her task increases. She longed for the death of a fellow creature and at night her unconscious prayer was O Lord, hang some guilty or innocent person short .This huge change of character, from sweet and gentle, to sinister and morbid, praying for death, shows just how obsessed with curing her arm Gertrude is, and this gradual development of her character also helps to create suspense because the re ader wants to see if her character finds a hanging soon, or she goes mad, or changes her behaviour again. This uncertainty creates more suspense and tension because the reader is not sure what will happen, we can not easily predict the outcome. Eventually, Gertrude hears of the hanging of a young boy winning vest in a nearby village and, with her husband away on business, she sets off on a cart horse.When she reaches the village she proceeds to locate the Hangman, and explains to him about her arm. He agrees to help her to sneak in after the hanging. When she is waiting below the gallows, Hardy excellently describes the feelings of Gertrude and this increases the tension. He shows just how terrified she is she could scarcely discern anything it was as though she had nearly died, and this emotion and fear acts as a build-up to the climax we are held in suspense until the end, just after Gertrudes arm is finally cured, she hears Rhodas Brook shriek from behind her Rhoda is standin g(a) there with Farmer Lodge at her side.The deceased boy is their son. The double shock of the restoration of her arm and the revelation of Farmer Lodge and Rhoda is too much for Gertrude, and she collapses, and dies before she gets home. The long and intricate description that Hardy uses throughout the book is key to the creation of suspense and tension within the story. He often describes the background signal in great detail which, as well as increasing the readers interest and giving them a clear mental image, creates an atmosphere and gives the scene a palp qualified soul of tension.To baffle an example from chapter five thick clouds made the atmosphere dark, though it was as yet only early afternoon, and the wind howled dismally over the slopes of the heath. The dense description sets the scene perfectly and by taking the reader into the setting he ensures that events within the story have more effect on them. Because the description of the characters feelings is so good w e relate to them better, and consequently we feel the tension and suspense more.I have shown that Hardy develops the suspense and tension in a variety of ways in The Withered Arm. He is able to maintain the readers interest through the developing plot, the themes and language techniques employed in the story the magic and superstition underpinning the story, compelling the reader to read on, the extensive description that creates tension and a sense of place, as well as the emotions of the characters as they develop all these things stimulate the readers interest.The whole story builds to a climax at the start Rhoda finds out about Farmer Lodges marriage to Gertrude, then as the characters develop, many things change, and by the end Gertrude is alone and Rhoda and Farmer Lodge are there together, at the climax. The suspense is held right until the end. I believe that the section where Rhoda leaves creates the most tension and increases the suspense. In this example, ironically, it is the lack of Hardys description that affects the reader it is uncharacteristic and therefore amplifies the sense of change.It changes the story dramatically, because the reader believes Rhoda to be the main character the one that we are relating to, and suddenly she is gone, leaving us with little relationship in the story again. We then follow Gertrude until the climax whereupon we are reintroduced to Rhoda. Hardys way of do us see the plot from both sides is a great way to increase tension, especially when Rhoda disappeared and we did not know what she was doing or feeling.

The Worst Sinner in the Scarlet Letter

The Worst blazener in The Scarlet Letter In The Scarlet Letter there are three main(prenominal) infractners presented to the reader. Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale and Roger Chillingworth are all written with their witness forms of sin, and each has a unique coping mechanism for their sins and delinquency. Sin, at this time, was a hugely important part of daily life, and punishment for ones sins was universally seen as not only a positive thing, but a necessary action to keep the mass of the colony pure. Both Hester and Dimmesdale receive great punishments for their sin of adultry.However, one character is portrayed as a true sinner, more so than the others. Roger Chillingworth is by far the worst sinner in The Scarlet Letter. This is do apparent by his many attempts to harm Dimmesdale mentally and spiritually, and more importantly his complete lack of self- prison term for his actions. It is this absence of ungodliness for his sin that shows that he is a sinner much wors e than any other character in the book. Roger Chillingworth is Hester Prynnes husband in the novel, though this is kept secret from the townspeople by dint of the end of the book.He, upon arriving and seeing his wife upon the scaffold, vows to take revenge on the man whom Hester committed her sin. Though he chooses to leave Hester to suffer the punishment given to her, his hatred towards her is never hidden. Chillingworth attaches himself to Dimmesdale upon seeing his grief, in hopes of discovering who the father of Hesters child is. And once realizing it is Dimmesdale, Chillingworth proceeds to continually torment Dimmesdale as his personal revenge and punishment, to the point of fashioning Dimmesdale ill even further beyond his original grief-stricken depleted health.He does this with no regret or compassion towards the man he torments, nor any recognition for his actions as sinful. As the novel progresses, he takes on an almost evil record, having no feelings whatsoever save f or those of loathing towards Hester and Dimmesdale. Guilt is the thing left in all absent from Roger Chillingworths character, and it is this lack that defines him. (Summary) Biblically, guilt is defined in several ways. The Hebrew name asam is utilise biblically, and means both guilt and guilt offering. The Bible says that asam is a part of debt unto ones neighbor, which can be physical debt or, frequently, sins against others. This asam is a necessary part of sin, and in its absence is sin in itself. This is one of the largest pieces of evidence of Chillingworths sin, as he feels no guilt, nor gives any guilt offering unto those whom he has sinned against. Asam is a guilt which we must make amends for, which in Chillingworths case, no attempt to do so was made. The legislation in Leviticus 514-67 and Numbers 55-10 makes this special quality of asam clear.When person incurs guilt toward a neighbor, full restitution must be made, plus an extra fifth. And then, in addition, a gui lt offering must be made to the Lord, because when we sin against others and incur indebtedness to them, we violate the graze that graven image prescribes for his world and his people, and have thus incurred a debt toward him also. (Motyer) Chillingworths sin is also worse than the others collectable simply to the nature of his sins. Adultery is a sin of passion, a lustful passion.Though adultry is one of the biblical ten dollar bill Commandments (Bible), in the case of The Scarlet Letter it is a crime committed in a moment, and regretted thenceforth by the two involved. Both Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale pay penance for their sin, in each their own form, from the day that it happens. Hester is ail with guilt for months, and once her child is visible she is imprisoned, and later forced to become a symbol of sin to the entire community for years to come, publicly putting her shame on display.Dimmesdale is plagued by the same guilt as Hester, but because he is not discove red publicly is tormented spiritually and mentally. He begins to physically punish himself, and his regret and guilt weigh so heavily that they make his physically ill for years. Roger Chillingworths sin, however, was not in an instant. His was calculated, drawn out, and committed with malice towards both Dimmesdale and Hester for years on end.He tormented Dimmesdale psychologically for years, and drained what little life Dimmesdale had in him out slowly and intentionally. He felt no guilt for these sins, nor was he ever punished for them in life. Certainly, if the meteor kindled up the sky, and disclosed the earth, with an awfulness that admonished Hester Prynne and the man of the cloth of the day of judgment, then might Roger Chillingworth have passed with them for the arch-fiend, standing there, with a smile and scowl, to claim his own.So vivid was the expression, or so intense the ministers perception of it, that it seemed still to remain painted on the darkness, after the mete or had vanished, with an essence as if the street and all things else were at once annihilated (Hawthorne. Chapter 12. ) This passage shows the reader the malevolent nature that Chillingworth begins to take on in the novel, seeming almost inhuman in his unwavering hatred for Dimmesdale, and the ache he inflicts upon him. Once again his lack of remorse is expressed plainly for the reader.The themes of sin and revenge in The Scarlet Letter are made prominent and clear, as Hawthorne tends to express every theme in the novel. The two are closely tied together in the case of Roger Chillingworth. In The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne shows that at the time of the novel, sin was an extremely important role in everyday life, especially in a Puritan society such as the one in the novel. Sin is something that everyone believes must be punished, in this life if at all possible, as well as in the succeeding(a).In the case of old Roger Chillingworth, his sin was not punished in his worldly life, w hich leads us to believe that divine retribution in the next will be even greater for him than the books other sinners. The Black man is used in this book to mean the devil, and it is made clear that doing the bidding of the Black Man, or essentially doing things against Gods bidding, puts a mark on ones soul that carries into the next life. (Sin) here(predicate) is where the concept ties into revenge.This implied mark on the soul is expressed in the theme of revenge in the book. Roger Chillingworth, in his pursuit of revenge on Arthur Dimmesdale, receives a mark on his soul which twists him into a force of evil- a more serious effect than the sins of any other character in the book. Hawthorne expresses here both his own views, as well as the popular view of the time, that a sin committed out of the lawsuit of hatred which Chillingworth exhibits, is a tool of the devil, and in itself causes a change in humans into something more sinister.It is this legal opinion which is so clear ly shown in Chillingworths increasingly hideous appearance, and the dehumanization of his character into an instrument only if of spiteful revenge. (Revenge) Throughout The Scarlet Letter, it is made abundantly clear what view the reader is think to take of Roger Chillingworth. Consumed by his sin, he is permanently altered into an evil spirit for the acts of vengeance he has pursued. This condemnation Hawthorne describes expresses without a doubt to the reader that Chillingworths sin is far worse than that of the remorseful and solemn Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale.Who, though sinned greatly and were punished, were in the end favored in the eyes of the Puritan community and quite mayhap in the eyes of God as people who knew and repented their sins, and were therefore forgiven. It is clear that Roger Chillingworth is the only character late changed enough for the worse to be considered a sinner of any damning proportion, and is made out to be the worst sinner of any characte r in The Scarlet Letter. Work Cited Nathaniel Hawthorne. , and DeMaiolo, James F.The Scarlet Letter. sassy York Applause, 1996. Print. Motyer, Stephen. Guilt. BibleStudyTools. com. Salem Communications Corporations, 1997. Web. 19 Nov. 2012. The Scarlet Letter report of Sin. Shmoop. Shmoop University, Inc. , 2012. Web. 19 Nov. The Scarlet Letter Theme of Revenge. Shmoop. Shmoop University, Inc. , 2012. Web. 19 Nov. The Scarlet Letter Summary. Shmoop. Shmoop University, Inc. , 2012. Web. 19 Nov. 2012. The Holy Bible. 2nd ed. New York American Bible Society, 1992. Print.