Comparative Study Of Politeness Strategies English Language Essay

Comparative Study Of Politeness Strategies English Language EssayIntroductionOver the last three decades, address strategies have develop one of the just about active bea of look in spoken and write discourse. This phenomenon began when Goffman publish On construction work in 1955 and other guiltless studies such as Lakoff (1973, 1977), Leech (1983) and Brown Levinsons (1987), who conducted extensive studies on adroitness. These studies indicate that linguistic readiness is generally associated with social behaviour to avoid conflicts.The past few years the application of civility studies has been extended beyond the verbal communication to include written material to engage conflict-free communication between writers-audience, started in 1989 when Myers published his article the pragmatics of politeness in scientific articles since then many scholars extended the concept of politeness strategies onto written context such as current research issues (Kasper 1990) busines s letter (Maier 1992), written business discourse (Pilegaard 1997), scientific text (Kwok 1997), written persuasion (Cherry 1988), thesis writing (Faridah Noor 2000), and research article (Dahl 2009).Myers (1989) in his deal found that the baffle proposed by Brown Levinson (1987) was applicable in how to interpret scientific culture found in scientific writing. Brown and Levinson (1987) found in their development four (4) categories of politeness strategies. These are proposed as universal as the striking parallels in politeness devices between three unrelated languages (Tzeltal, Tamil and English) were found. duration politeness may be expressed differently in one culture to another, the basic hierarchy of politeness strategies is not a culture specific. (Brown Levinsons 1987) tear down though the majority study of the past studies in politeness strategies are closely related with verbal communication context. Many studies recently showed that it could also be extended onto written context, and somehow the politeness strategies in written discourse in line with the demands of the academic community that expects scientific language to be clinical and formal.This present study is interested to study the kinds of politeness strategies find in sparing ledger writing as another celestial orbit in written discourse. What makes economics special is that economics is consisted of the combination of soft science research issues related to human behaviour and the hard science mathematics economic models. The model represents the interaction between human being and market under specific conditions. Dahl (2009 2). The other reason is how economist presents their thought in the research topic they write. Moreover, by using Myerss (1989) study that in line to what Brown and Levinson had proposed in their study. This present study tries to focus on the politeness strategies employed in economic journal articles. Concerning none of the past studies deeply foc consumptiond to study the academic journals specially in economic field and comparing between topical anaesthetic anesthetic and internationalistic economic journals.By viewing that chances the researcher hopes that this present study able to contribute to the existing pool of knowledge on politeness strategies used in academic writing, situationly which in the writing of economic journal articles of two identified economic journals.Statement of the ProblemBrown and Levinson (1987) construct a frame to explain the nature of politeness phenomena in language. The major concept of politeness theory is an arrangement of politeness strategies along a continuum from least polite to most polite. Previous studies had shown that politeness strategies not only applied by many people via verbal communication but also through the medium of written material. Although, Politeness in both social and linguistic studies has shown a phenomenon of interest in the past decades, many past studies c hoose to draw on conversational data. Many scholars do not realize that politeness model can be extended beyond the verbal communication to include written materials.The reference book of politeness models to some genres of scientific written texts such as economic journal could contribute to explain the application of politeness strategies. To identify sort of politeness strategies employed in economic journal somehow could be an interesting also a complex field to study as Holmes (2001) says that Economic field is a prototypical of the social sciences. To engage in this discourse in a meaningful and effective style requires skilful handling of textual strategies. Moreover, the use of politeness strategies in economic journals by particular people from different culture background, age and economic expertise when making a claim, maintain face or employed other kinds of politeness strategies in their paper is an interesting matter to study.Based on that statement above the main pu rposes of this study beyond the keep backs of this paper, to give an exhaustive overview of politeness-related research are to identify sort of politeness strategies that employed and analyze the politeness strategies in economic journal articles of one local and one international economic journals selected for this study.Objectives of the StudyIn recent years there has been a steady increase in interest and research into economics discourse by both economists and linguists which has spawned an expanding body of work. the present study undertakes the task of looking at the use of the politeness strategies employed in economic journal and compare between one local and one international economic journals by proposing the objectives belowTo investigate the use of politeness strategies in economics textTo compare the use of politeness strategies in a local and international economic journalsResearch QuestionsThe present study aims to answer the following questionsWhat kinds of politene ss strategies are employed in economic text?In what ways are the politeness strategies found to be similar or different in local or international economic journals?The present study also proposes that it would be beneficial for the journal writers to know where they stand in the academic discourse community as this awareness can assists them in planning the strategies used to present their findings as new knowledge claims.Significance of the studySince the early 1980s, the discussion of various controversial issues in the economics discourse community has led to increasing debate among concerned economists about the ways that they communicate with each other, as nearly as with non-economists. In this exploratory study, the researcher chooses to focus on the existence of politeness strategies in economic journals. Hopefully this present study would contribute towards obtaining a set of politeness strategies in economic journals. The collection of strategies would encompass a sampli ng of strategies used by journal writer(s) within a span of sestet (6) years current from the field of economy.Moreover this present study hopes to enhance the understanding of academic researchers, who are interested in the area of politeness strategies, especially in the use of politeness strategies in economic journals and to show the kinds of politeness strategies employed in both local and international economic journals. Furthermore, understanding the kinds of politeness strategies in written texts, especially in economic journals, could be useful when politeness strategies are employed in other genres in order to reconcile with the demanding of formality and objectivity of the academic writing.This study also hopes to clarify many ways that the economists use language to express themselves in a polite manner and to help the public to understand the politeness style of writing by the economist in written texts. In addition, the specific aim of this present study is also to show that there is an increasing awareness of the nature of economics discourse by both applied linguists and economists. To achieve the purposes above, this research studies two economic journals, one local and one international, published by Malaysian and American economic associations.Scope and Limitation of The StudyThis present study will limit its data from selected journals released by local and international economic associations to find out politeness strategies employed by the economists in two identified economic journals, namely Malaysia Journal of Economic Studies and Journal of Economic Growth, released by the Malaysian Economic Association and the American Economic Association respectively.The articles from these journals were chosen from the six years latest issues, starting from 2004 to 2009. This study limits its scope only on the contents of the articles. The areas of mathematical languages, formula, as well as footnotes in the articles will be not include as part s of the analysis. This study also does not attempt to look at the differences in the style of writing choice of politeness strategies based on gender, age or ethnic background, and strategies used by journal writers over a period of time. This research also tries not to focus on particular specific areas where some economists and linguists often argue about, but more on general issues of economic content in these journals, that the researcher feels provide examples of the existence of politeness strategies1.5 SummaryThe focus of the present study is to investigate the use of politeness strategies in economic journals. It undertakes the task to identify and analyze politeness strategies employed in the articles and compares two economic journals local and international publication namely Malaysia Journal of Economic Studies and Journal of Economic Growth by using the theory of politeness from Brown Levinson (1978) and Myers (1989).

Service Oriented Architecture And What Advantages Information Technology Essay

serve up Oriented architecture And What Advantages Information Technology EssayThe shed aims to clearly define SOA, definition SOA, history overview, characteristics, SWOT analysis, and importance of SOA now-a-days, advantages and disadvantages of SOA as compared with early(a) computer architecture. The project clearly defines the reader the clear overview of SOA which tail end divine service them to take SOA and the comparison with other architecture.In these days SOA is well known and well discussed topic by IT vendors every last(predicate) over the world. IBM, HP, Microsoft, SAP and m each other major(ip) IT companies use SOA and some of them amending SOA and represent into new tune. SOA is the group of new package bind together to allow IT vendors to produce something else which is latest and tensile. SOA has special and unique characteristics. For in force(p) use of SOA the developers and designer need to understand the characteristics and SOA concepts. (Hurwitz, Jud ith, et al, 2007)History of SOAIt was a big challenge in IT and business to find the service which can cast off consolidation between IT and business for achieving business objectives. As it seems that it is very(prenominal) easy but in reality it is very complex. In the past computer applications were developed for unique(predicate) particular task without integration to other dodge. In the modern computing the applications are much more than distributed. Now a single application share into several components like emails, DNS services etc. it is more practical to use components based computing rather than using one application for one task. (Service-Oriented Architecture, 2010)In the past if the account holder needs the information about the account then the customer service representative has to go to one depotinal and land the account number. If the customer needs the saving account information then the representative has to enter the account number in the different ter minal. The problem was that to each one account type has different interfaces. Now-a-days with the successful implementation of SOA and distributed dodgings banks are now interconnected which improved customer services and customer satisfaction. It also reduced the toll and time.(Rosen,Boris Smith, 2008)Before explaining SOA the computer software architecture needs to be explained. Software architecture is a new field in the software engineering. Software architecture highlighted the components of the system and how they interact with each other. The interaction between these components is called connectors. (Stevens, 2002)The definition of Software architecture is as followedThe software architecture of a program or computing system is the structure or structures of the system, which comprise software components, the externally visible properties of those components, and the relationships among them. (Bass, Clements, and Kazman 1997)Figure 2.1Components and connectors of syste m software architectureWhat is SOA?On the basis of software engineering SOA is an IT architecture which is based on the delivery of reusability of well-defined business. The IT components are under pinned in such a right smart that the consumer (customer) and provider (business) are broadly speaking coupled. SOA give the emancipation to enable components to be implemented in different platforms and computer languages. SOA give the great flexibility to re-assemble the existing IT components to build a new solution. There is no restriction in SOA that where there components resides and how things will create. The big misconception about SOA is that most people think that SOA is a technology. However, SOA is non a technology it is the approach to software design that assemble systems from a reusable components and services may originated from different resources and different technology environment. The services provided by SOA can be distributed across complicated platforms which maximize the business and IT agility. (Introduction-to-Service-Oriented-Architecture-SOA, 2010)There are many definitions of SOA. The definition of SOA which can be more likely to understand is as followed A service oriented architecture is a frame turn for integrating business processes and supporting IT as secure, standardized components service that can be reused and combined to address changing priorities (Bieberstein, Norbert, et al, 2010)SOA is flexible architecture design. SOA is not only simple architecture it builds architecture on the basis of existing architecture and build more advance software architecture. (Oasis, 2006) gibe to Jamil SOA is a design pattern which is composed of loosely coupled, discoverable, reusable, inter-operable platform agnostic services in which each of these services follow a well-defined standard. distributively of these services can be bound or unbound at any time and as needed. (Jamil, 2010)In this definition it did not indicate any service that what service is being provided in this architecture. It did not describe about software. On the basis of SOA the hardware architecture can be designed effectively. fundamentally SOA architecture plays the berth of bridge between embedded systems and enterprise software. Many companies are making integrated systems now-a-days and SOA is playing a very important role in the integrated systems for integration.SOA makes changes easierSOA makes changes easier in the business and IT environment. IT Systems are the collection of software, hardware and networks. These IT components (software, hardware and networks) are integrated with each other. For making change between them is very difficult. It is very easy to reuse and assemble the components with the help of SOA. For example if a business provides some services to customer like checking credits, checking shipping status and inventory. With the help of SOA we can assemble components in any way as required by the business. When a business needs to be changed then instead of doing work from the beginning we cede to reuse and re-arrange the components and services to make something new. SOA help us to save the time and money. We can add new components or someone elses components to make the IT to build something new. SOA helps to grow the business. It gave the flexibility to make change in our business easily which helps business to innovate new. (Rosen Michael, Lublinsky Boris Smith Kevin T., 2008). The base of SOA is based on loosely coupled services in which software components can easily communicate with each other. These components do not have to know their technical details. (Service-Oriented Architecture, 2010)SOA Model cash registerPublishFindService ProviderService CustomerService ConsumerService consumer executes the service by sending it a request formatted tally to the contract.Service ProviderService provider publishes its contract in the registry for access by service consumers.Service Regist ryService registry is a network-based directory that contains available services. It is an entity that accepts and stores contracts from service providers and provides those contracts to interested service consumers.Advantages and Disadvantages of Service-Oriented ArchitectureAdvantages of Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)This section shows the advantages of SOA in the following aspects.SOA benefits to distributed computingSOA short term benefitsSOA eagle-eyed term benefitsSOA benefits from the business prospectiveSOA benefits t to distributed computingLocation independenceSOA is loosely coupled architecture and jam is important factor for loosely coupled architecture. Loosely coupled architecture like SOA provides many requests of the same service from the different location. SOA provides location independence. In SOA architecture services does not need a particular network or specific system.(Bieberstein, 2006)Completely loosely coupledSOA has loosely coupled approach and the quality of this service is that if you want to change the service in one location then it does not need to change linked services.Dynamic search andconnectivity to other servicesSOA short term benefitsSOA has many short term benefits likeEnhancing reliabilityReducing hardware acquisition costsLeverages existing development skillsProviding data bridge between business and IT (Introduction-to-Service-Oriented-Architecture-SOA, 2010)SOA long term benefitsSOA provides the following long term benefitsAbility to build compositecompatible applicationsReducing management costsReal-time decision making applications (Introduction-to-Service-Oriented-Architecture-SOA, 2010)SOA benefits from the business prospectiveChange more quickly according to the customerLow cost of chief(prenominal)tenance technologyLeverages existing investments in technologyReduces expensive custom development cost (Introduction-to-Service-Oriented-Architecture-SOA, 2010)The main advantage of SOA is that it fits in bu siness and IT gaps. In the recent world there are many forces contributing in business environement like competition, new products and other endless factors. In the past, IT groups were struggling for fill out this IT and business gap. SOA filled this gap by building an integration between IT and business. One thing which we have to keep in our minds while implementing SOA in the organizations that SOA is not a complete success it is based on how SOA is being designed?. For example, if anyone wants to sub the AVsystem they can replace it with better DVD player. So, they can buy DVD player and replace AV system quickly. Similarly if an organization wants to replace old CRM with new CRM they can easily buy one and integrate with existing system with the help of SOA. But the success of SOA is that how it is designed?. (Barry, 2003)SOA services are used by nine-fold clients. So, SOA has their own security systemsalso. Multiple level security increased the security of the system. SOA a rchitecture integrate application with each other which solved the problem of software incompatibility and as a result it has low integration cost. SOA facilitate the organization to adapt change quikly. With the help of SOA organizations can adapt change according to market situation. (Barry, 2003)Disadvantages of Service-Oriented ArchitectureAlthough there are many advantages of SOA but there are some disadvantages also.SOA is based on loosely coupled architecture thats wherefore SOA has no synchronization element. In SOA process there are some illogical steps followed which are not the part of the SOA model.SOA is not recommended for the following applications.SOA is not for the systems which are stand alone or non-distributed e.g. word processor does not has request and respond based calls. SOA is not suitable for applications which are short term and those applications which have no attention of reusability in the future. Applications which have lots of data of geographical ma nipulation data are also not suitable with SOA. (Disadvantages of SOA , 2010) likeness with other architecturesSOA vs. Components based architectureIf we compare SOA and component based architecture then there is no clear line between them. The main passing between them is connection between and the possibilities offer single service for third party.ConclusionIn the conclusion SOA is not the aver night architecture that happens shortly or overnight. To implement SOA it needs patience consistency and right way of implementation. SOA has many advantages and disadvantages. SOA by itself does not have major problem but the way of implementation is the underlying point of success. SOA has many challenges but the challenges are more likely relevant to business rather than IT. It is also considered that SOA is not the solution for all the software development problems. SOA has too many problems like the required service according to circumstances, acceptable performance and security. Al though there are many advantages and disadvantages of implementing SOA but the key success of implementing of SOA is the way of implementation SOA. How SOA is being implemented in the organization?ReferencesBass, L., Clements, P., and Kazman, R. Software Architecture in Practice. Addison-Wesley, 1997.Bieberstein, Norbert, et al. Chapter 1 Introducing SOA.Executing SOA A Practical Guide for the Service-Oriented Architect.IBM Press, 2008.Books24x7. Web.Nov. 16, 2010.http//common. give-and-takes24x7.com.librouter.hud.ac.uk/book/id_27520/book.aspBarry, D. K. (2003). Web services and service-oriented architecture the savvy managers guide. San Francisco,CA Morgan Kaufmann Publisher.Bieberstein Norbert, Marc Fiammante, Keith Jones, Rawn Shah . (2006). Service-oriented architecture compass business value, planning. US Pearson Plc.Ejaz Jamil, What really is SOA. A comparison with Cloud Computing, Web 2.0, SaaS, WOA, Web Services, PaaS and others. Web.Nov.17,2010.http//soalib.com/ atomic num ber 101/whitepaper/SoalibWhitePaper_SOAJargon.pdfHurwitz, Judith, et al. Service Oriented Architecture for Dummies.Service Oriented Architecture For Dummies.John Wiley Sons, 2007.Books24x7. Web.Nov. 16, 2010.Juneja, Girish, et al. Chapter 1 Introduction.Service Oriented Architecture Demystified.Intel Press, 2007.Books24x7. Web.Nov. 16, 2010.Marks, Eric A., andMichael Bell. Chapter 1 Introduction to the SOA Business Model.Service-Oriented Architecture A Planning and Implementation Guide for Business and Technology.John Wiley Sons, 2006.Books24x7. Web.Nov. 16, 2010.Rosen Michael, Lublinsky Boris Smith Kevin T. (2008). Applied SOA Service-Oriented Architecture and Design Strategies. John Wiley Sons.Stevens, Michael. Service-Oriented Architecture Introduction.web. Nov.16,2010.http//www.developer.com/services/article.php/1010451Schmutz, Guido,Daniel Liebhart, andPeter Welkenbach. Chapter 1 Basic Principles.Service Oriented Architecture An Integration Blueprint A Real-world SOA St rategy for the Integration of Heterogeneous Enterprise Systems.Packt Publishing, 2010.Books24x7. Web.Nov. 16, 2010.http//common.books24x7.com.librouter.hud.ac.uk/book/id_35815/book.aspService-Oriented Architecture. (2010). Retrieved 11 22, 2010, from What is Service-Oriented Architecture? http//www.bestpricecomputers.co.uk/burnish/service-oriented-architecture.htmTop of FormBottom of FormTop of FormBottom of Form

Essay, poetry, prose, drama and film in literature

act, verse, prose, shimmer and put down in literatureIntroductionThis paper covers four important topics of Literature, which involve Essay, Poetry, Prose, Drama and Film. Essay is a do of authorship, which can be literary-based or scientific-based. Like any different form of writing, it has its different characteristics, and also it serves for different single-valued functions. For scrutinyple, when writing a letter to a friend, it could be said that it is a form of an search. When applying to colleges nowadays it is mandatory for each applicant to issue a so c everyed entrance examine. Even the newspaper columns be designed to be written in an bear witness based. Essay consists of three p guiles an introduction, which is the first paragraph of an essay, the body which includes several paragraphs, and the conclusion, which consist of one or more paragraphs and is structurally the last part of an essay content. Poetry is an ancient literary art. thither atomic numbe r 18 many poets who have contri stilled so much(prenominal) to improve the literature that is being studied today. Like any other form of literature, it has many characteristics that situate poem. But unfortunately there isnt a clear interpretation of what poetry is. So, different poets have expressed their thought of what they think defines poetry.Prose in another important work of literature. It is defined to be as the epic literature that is written in lines. It is basic literature that is seen and utilizationd daily. Prose includes books, such(prenominal) as novels, tales, and short stories. Like any other literary work, it has different characteristics, and rules and regulations that attract up the prose. Drama is also known to be more popular during the golden age. Its a literacy work that is written basically to entertain people, curiously Kings Courtyard centuries before. Nowadays, salutary known dramas play on theaters, throughout the world. Film is an art form of motion picture, also known as movies. Many representatives atomic number 18 involved to imprint up the film. Film has different characteristics that ar known as Action films, Adventure, comedy, Crime and Gangster, Drama, Epic/Historical, Horror, Musical, Science Fiction, and Western films. ESSAY DefinitionEssay is a form of writing, which is relatively short and could be literary or non literary writing. The word essay for the first while was used be a french writer, Michele Montaigne, as a matter of fact the introduction of the word essay comes from French, which means to try or to attempt to write (Musai, B. 2004). The period when Montaigne started to write essays, in time though we find some forms of essays before this period, makes us understand that essay is the newest form of writing in comparison with poetry, prose and drama. Essay is a collection of ideas, chiefly literary ideas, or a single idea, written and backed up by some supporting facts. Most of essays have p attern which they ar written. position teachers use them frequently as a testing tool, only if today they are also a major part in students entrance exam for college or University (Fleming, Grace, 2010). Representatives As mentioned under definition, the common form of essay dates back to Montaigne, whose essays got published in 1588, although the typewrites that we have today are derived and evolved due to the increasing demand and language expansion. From early representatives we also find an English writer, Robert Burton, although he differs on the style from Montaigne. Montaigne used essay writing as a self-discovery, more of a personal narration, whereas Burton expressed his knowledge through essay, more kindred a modern essay that we have today. Also we find some early representatives from England such as Sir Thomas Browne and Laurence Sterne. few early representatives from France include also Andre Gide and Jean Cocteau (Britannica Online Encyclopedia, n.d) We can con fidentially say that essay has changed its role and purpose since its beginning. Essay has evolved from a personal tier to a more detailed tool of one expressing feelings, ideas and so forth. Today essays have same pattern, use a format, and converse a range of topics they are used to persuade somebody of something, to narrate a story or an event, express feelings for some issues and policies and even used as a social and political criticism tool. They have evolved and become an integral part of college and University recruitments. More often than not, students are given essay assignment on topics that require a student to take a stand in very controversial issues such as abortion, global warming etc. Types and characteristics of essayBased on the sets of skills one has, today essay provides a form of writing for everyone and every personality. If you are a person that likes to argue, you can use an eristic type of essay to express your feelings, opinions, thoughts. If you are gi fted with descriptive skills, you can use this type of essay and colorful language to describe something.In general, these are the types of literary essays descriptive, narrative, evaluation and persuasive or argumentative essay. Narrative is more of a literary type of essay, meaning it is characterized more in delicious language. The story in narrative essay most of the time is written in chronological order. Descriptive essay could be literary or non-literary (Fleming, G. 2010). This type of essay is used to describe an object, a place, a person or an event. An fashion model of this would be What is a car, what is it made of, how is it put together, how long it lasts and so on.Evaluation essay has multiple types and is mostly used in different levels of education. Some of the evaluation essays are essay of a process or guide, comparison contrast essay, calcification essay, thrust and effect essay, conclusive essay etc.Persuasive or argumentative essay is one of the four main t ypes of essay. Its goal is to persuade the reader to accept, master, or act according to the ideas of the writer. This is different from the goal of narrative essay which is that reader tries to understand the authors ideas. In this type of essay, writer is required to back up his ideas with statistics or other proofs to convince the reader of things he is writing are correct (Musai, B. 2004). in that respect are also non-literary types of essays such as visual arts, music, film and photography etc.The general format of essay is introduction which is made of three to four sentences body of the essay that can have multiple paragraphs and conclusion (Lilly, M. 2006). In general, essay is different from other literary writings. It is somewhat similar to prose because it is written in lines. Sometimes it could also be similar to prose in content especially narrative and descriptive essays. The difference amongst the essay and the narration is that narration contains more figurative exp ressions, whereas essay contains facts and supporting arguments. This also concludes that essay differs a clustering with poem and drama. However, in contrary to other literary and non-literary forms, essay is written for multiple purposes and different topics. Today it is written in different educational levels, hiring purposes, in daily paper etc.POETRYDefinition The word Poetry derives from a Greek word poiesis, which means in a making. Poetry is a unique art of literacy, but it doesnt have a clear definition of what it is. It is said that poetry uses a fictional p can, a specialized language, and it is written in a special form (style). When writing poems, authors try to express their thoughts in less space using that specialized language, not compare to novels and short stories that use much more space.Poetry is an ancient art of literacy, before people use to carve poetry in the caves, and that is known to exist long before. there are many poets, and uncountable written poe ms thought the time, but there isnt a clear definition of what poetry is. Although, many poets have their own definition of poetry. For lesson Paul Engle definition of poetry is Poetry is boned with ideas, nerved and blooded with emotions, all held together by the delicate, tough skin of words (Poetry America, 2009) by Paul Engle. some other quote by Aristotle Poetry is more philosophical and of higher value than history for poetry tends to express the universal, history the particular(Poetry America, 2009).Even though it is difficult to define poetry, most people are able to recognize it when they see it. It is worth remembering that poetry especially in the form of the song is one of the oldest forms of artistic expression, it is much older than prose and is seems to originate in a human impulse that reached for expression in joy, grief, doubt, hope, loneliness, love, etc. For example, the National Anthems are poems, that are turned into songs or the Anthem that express so much feeling, just about joy, victory of being proud of their heroes and their Nation.Representatives There are many well known Poets thought the world, but to be represented in this paper two preferred once are chosen Robert Frost and Emily Dickinson. Both are American Poets, whose art of poetry is well known. They have contributed so much to the American literature and have enriched it with their creativity. Robert Frost has written many poems, but his poems are well know, one of which is halt by woods on a Snowy Evening (Academy of American Poets, 2009). Emily Dickenson is one of the most famous female poets in American literature. She has written refinement to 2000 poems, and her poems were numbered. On of her many poems is called A Bird came down the walk (328) (Academy of American Poets, 2009).Differences between Poetry and Drama The Poetry and Drama are different in many paths. Drama is presented to the public as an merriment, either telling a story which the author is not ph ysically there, but it is told though different other people, or actors. Whereas poetry is also recited by other people be inclines from the poet himself/herself. Sometimes is it also played in the level too, through songs. Characteristics of Poetry There are many characteristics of poetry, the main ones are Lyrical poetry and Narrative poetry (Lethbridge Mildroft, 2003). Lyrical poetry are short, non-narrative poems, which include subcategories, and one of them is the Sonnet, which is written in fourteen lines (Lethbridge Mildroft, 2003). The Narrative poetry is a form of poetry that tells stories through it, for example love stories, tragedies etc. Other forms of poetry are written in four lines, which are known as stanza. Stanza is used more often in poetry, by many Albanian poets as well as poets throughout the world.PROSEDefinition Prose is a type of epic literature that is written in lines. Usually sentences in prose continuous in that line, not in another one. Some authors (writers) say that writing prose is the best form of writing, because words are in their best order.Sometimes we wonder what does the word PROSE means. The word prose comes from another similar Latin word that is PROSA and it is used to describe facts or anybodys thoughts.RepresentativesThere are many well known prose writers but we mention two or three of them, like Shakespeare, Virgina Wolf, Henry Fielding etc. Shakespeare is one of the most famous writer, he is known with his dramas like Romeo Juliet, Macbeth etc. Virginia Woolf is the one who presents a new style of writing in Prose through the events, such as Stream of Consciousness, and Henry Fielding who gives another direction of prose writing.Differences between prose and poetryThere are some differences between prose and poetry. We can say that prose is easier to understand because unlike prose for poetry, we can explain prose with our words. Another difference is that in prose it doesnt matter if it rhymes or not. There are a lot of differences between prose and poetry but despite this sometime it is difficult to note which one is prose and which one is poetry (Rrahmani, Z., 1999).Differences between prose and drama Expect the differences between prose and poetry there are some differences between prose and drama. In the prose the author is the one that describes characters and settings, but in the drama there are actors and actresses that play on it.Characteristics of prose There are two basic kinds of prose elementary forms and composed forms.(Rrahmani, Z., 1999).In the elementary form there are Legend, Myth, Fairy tales, and in the composed forms there are Novel, novelette, Tale (Rrahmani, Z., 1999).Elementary forms The word Legend comes from Latin word that means something that is needed to be read. That tells a story which can be real but which can contain other decorative elements. Myth is Greek word that has a lot of meanings like tale, language, speaking etc. It talks about tribes, their l ives and the origin of world. Fairy Tale is another kind of elementary literature form and it is wordy creation that combines real and fantastic motives (Rrahmani, Z., 1999).Composed formsNovel is large type of prose and the word roman comes from Latin word lingua romana. Novel was read by different social layers. enounce novelette means something new, that comes from Latin Word novelus. Novelette contains extraordinary motives but it doesnt mean that novel avoid other events from daily life. Novelette contains some structure elements like small number of characters, twine between real and fantastic.Tale is a short type of prose, this type comes from fairy tales and legends. In tale there are reflected some important side of reality (Rrahmani, Z., 1999).DRAMADefinitionThe general term DRAMA (Classical Greek , drma meaning action) (Wikipedia, 2009) is understood to be a composition literary, which is written to be represented in theaters. For that reason authors consider its solid rules, without their application drama cant be successful in stage.At drama devoid the exculpation and description, whereas all the text surrender via dialogue and monologue. Drama differs considerably from poetry or narrative because drama it is unremarkably written to be performed in stage by actors. Aside from the text that actors will express, didaskaliet are also a component of drama, wherewith characterizes the view of scene, personages doings and demenaunors, the noises that are going to be heard etc., which usually puts in brackets.Classic drama (Greek and roman) was written in verse and was played in amphitheaters, some of them are still saved (for example in Butrint, which was Greek colony).Classic drama have had a solid construction, they were count by strong rules, so its composition necessarily traversed in those phases exhibition, interlacement, culmination, vicissitude and solution. A drama usually separate in small components, which are called acts, so we have dra mas with five acts, three acts, one act etc., meanwhile smaller unit is scene, which hits every actors entrance and exit in stage. Another feature of classic drama was oneness of the place (the event had to came off in one place), oneness of the time (the event held out twenty-four hours) and oneness of the doings (the event didnt have a break).As every drama flow by a conflict, which make a specific language, more dynamic, more emotional, not usual. Modern drama arrived to bring in scene the man, life and random language (Culler, 1997). Characteristics of the drama Until the18th deoxycytidine monophosphate tragedy and drollery were the main kinds, but later the drama was displayed, which then took the dominant role.Tragedy In the ancient time handled the destiny of the kings and demigods. The affairs which schooltime were unusual and heavy(a). The language of the drama wasnt daily, it style was high so just Kings and Queens and the people of the court could understand it. Late r on the characters of the tragedy became the big historical characters. The main feature of the tragedy is that its conflict ends necessarily with the heros death. Comedy (In Greek komo convivial and od song) is a dramatic work (Wikipedia, 2009). Since antique comedy attended with usual people and usual events, which had a happy ends. As tragedy designed to concuss with its tragic end, comedy designed to make you laugh. Comedy was very open divide its designed thematic, divide its yoked characters and divide its way of civilizing. From the roman authors disunited Plaut and Terenci than Shakespeare in England, Molier in France, Gogol in Russia, etc. There are many centuries that dominate the writing of drama, which is written in prose, which doesnt have solid rules anymore like classic creations, which has a much wider gamut of the thematic and has an unlimited encounter to choose the characters. It design mans destiny, who is confronted with different harnesses, who collides wit h the fellowship and pass into the tragic and comic situates at the same time. After the technology revolution, from drama some new styles of art appeared, which are much more famous in all over the world, like radiodrama, television drama and movie. FILMDefinitionFilm is an art form of motion pictures, also known as movies. Films/movies are shown in cinemas, or movie theaters, where people gather to see them. Film is a form of entertainment which has grown into a huge business worldwide nowadays. The first motion picture ever made is known to be The Horse In interrogative sentence which dates back in the 1878 (Associated Content Inc., 2010). Further more, there isnt an exact answer when the first movies was made, because back then the technology was not as advanced as it is now. But the film technology has improved throughout the years, the first movies, were without sounds, and without colors, and now there are 3D movies, which are said to be advanced. Representatives First of al l film representatives are considered the writes, those of short stories, Novels, Fictions, Fairytales etc. Then there are people who are part of making the film, which are known as the screenwriters, actors/actresses, film crew, film director(s), experimental film makers, movie studios, and finally film critics (Knowledgerush, 2009). Difference between Drama and FilmThe difference between drama and film isnt much different, except the Drama is performed in from of an audience, whereas film is recorded and then shown to the audience. At the end they have the same idea, it is an art of entertainment and also a way to educate people though different plays, or shows and also different films. Characteristics of Film There are different characteristics of Film/movie, for example Action films are those that have in it battles, fightings, explosions, fires, basically that show a lot of action. As everyone knows that The James Bond films are action films. Adventure films are films that have to do with expeditions, trying new things, exploration of near and far away lands, such as the quest to find the hidden treasure, for example the movies National Treasure. Comedy Films are films that make the audience laugh while telling a story. Crime and Gangster Films are films that have to do with murders, and generally with people that dont obey the law. For example The Law and Order series. Drama films, are the once that have to do with romance, romantically tragedies etc (American Movies Classics Company, 2009). Epic/Historical Films are based on historical events, on war, or on heroic figure for example the Albanian heroic figure is made into a film known as The Scanderbeg. Horror films are basically films that are made to terrify the audience, at the same time to entertain them. Musicals (dance) films are films that have lots of dancing and singing in it. A well know musical movie called The Sound of Music. Science fiction films are those that have aliens, the ones that ar e well known are The Star state of war series. And finally the Western film, are generally known as the American cowboy movies, with Indians, guns, horses etc (American Movies Classics Company, 2009). Conclusion To conclude of what is mentioned above about Essay, Poetry, Prose, Drama and Film, it is important to include that they have enriched literature that is known to us today. These subcategories of literature are all connected to one another. They are a written art, which has improved peoples knowledge. Everything that is known to mankind, about its history it is written through essays, poetry, prose, drama and also showed in motion picture. Even though each of them has different characteristics, they all have one purpose that is to communicate between people. REFERENCES1. Academy of American Poets, (2010) http//www.poets.org/ Retrieved 21/12/2009 from http//www.poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/205192. American Movies Classics Company, Main Film Genres (2009) Retrieved 02/01/10 from http//www.filmsite.org/genres.html3. Britannica Online Encyclopedia, (n.d.). Essay Types. Retrieved 21/12/2009 from4. Culler, J. (1997) Literary Theory. A Very Short Introduction (pp. 97-100). Oxford University Press Inc. New York 5. First Movie Ever Made A History of Film Firsts (2010) Retrieved 02/01/10 from http//www.associatedcontent.com/article/461209/the_first_movie_ever_made_a_history.html6. Fleming, G. (2010). How to write a five-paragraph essay. Retrieved 21/12/2009 from7. Knowledgerusg (2009) Retrieved 02/01/2010 from http//www.knowledgerush.com/kr/enclopedia/Film/ 8. Lethbridge, S., Mildorf, J. (2003) Basics of English Studies An Introductory course for students of literary studies in English. Version 12/03, Poetry (pgs. 142-173) 9. Lilly, M. (2006, February). A Basic Essay Format. Retrieved 21/12/2009 from http//www2.mcdaniel.edu/English/writingcenter/essayformat.htm10. Musai, B. (2004). Si te shkruajm ese. Tirane Cendra per arsim demokratik (p.15-25).11. Poetry A merica (n.d) http//www.poetryamerica.com retrieved 21/12/2009 from http//www.poetryamerica.com/poetry_quotes.asp12. Rrahmani, Z. (1999) Teoria e Letersise Book for high school students. Prose(Pp.115-123)13. Wikipedia, The free encyclopedia (2009, December). Drama. Retrieved 21/12/2009 from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama

Both Sides of Capital Punishment Essay -- social issues

Both Sides of detonator PunishmentMurder is the nefarious killing of another human world with an intentional or criminal intent. In todays world, howling(a) horrors are being committed daily. M either believe that these criminals merit one fate ending. Capital punishment, the closing penalty, is the maximum sentence enforced in arduous people who kill another human being - and is a very controversial method of punishment. In most states, a person convicted of first class murder has the potential to be given the death penalty. Capital punishment is a subject that can be counted upon to stir emotion and controversy into any conversation or argument. The very c erstwhilept provokes a rankness of reasoned questions and opinions. Todays daily world of crime and violence calls for punishment of a severe nature, and some(prenominal) citizens argue that the punishment necessary is the death penalty. These people inverted comma passages such as the an eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth concept from the Old Testament of the Judeo-Christian bible. somewhat people take the neutral position that there is no right or wrong answer, that each opinion on capital punishment is valid in its own way. Opponents of the death penalty claim that sentencing a person to death does not change the reality of the situation the harm already do simply cannot be fixed from a vengeance standpoint. You cannot bring forth the murdered person back by taking the prisoners life. Proponents of capital punishment tend to keep back their opinion mainly on two grounds death is a drop deadting punishment for murder, and executions maximize public safety through incapacitation and deterrence. The view of proponents of the death penalty in reference to the let the punishment fit the crime ideal is that, in the eyes of many law officials and citizens of the United States, if a crime is so serious that it causes irreversible damage or the mischief of human life, then the only penalty for such crimes would be death for the individual that committed this act. Many also feel that if an individual can ingest the strength and will to take the life of another human being in a planned manner, then they must also in pass on be able to face their punishment which could only be a punishment of the resembling magnitude as the crime they have committed that being for their life to be ended for the common good. These people feel that, while it is the cruelest pu... ...ng the Revolutionary War, once said, I shall ask for the abolition of the punishment of death until I have the infallibility of human judgment demonstrated to me. Some radical death penalty opposers even go so far as to claim that those who life such punishment with the excuse of an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth are like unfledged children who continue to insist on the principle of childish vengeance and petty revenge. They sy that these people did not listen to their mothers when they were told two wr ongs do not make a right. They say these men and women have not grown tabu of a tendency toward violence and a shunning of the virtues of mercy and forgiveness, in addition to morality. argue the death penalty does not mean sympathy with convicted murderers. On the contrary, murder and manslaughter both demonstrate a lack of respect for life. For this very reason, a policy of state-authorized killings is immoral. Criminals no doubt need to be punished, but validity of punishment should have its limits, beginning with the use of human dignity. Governments that respect these limits do not use premeditated and violent homicide as an instrument of keeping the peace. Both Sides of Capital Punishment Essay -- social issuesBoth Sides of Capital PunishmentMurder is the unlawful killing of another human being with an intentional or criminal intent. In todays world, terrible crimes are being committed daily. Many believe that these criminals deserve one fate death. Capita l punishment, the death penalty, is the maximum sentence used in punishing people who kill another human being - and is a very controversial method of punishment. In most states, a person convicted of first degree murder has the potential to be given the death penalty. Capital punishment is a subject that can be counted upon to stir emotion and controversy into any conversation or argument. The very concept provokes a profusion of valid questions and opinions. Todays daily world of crime and violence calls for punishment of a severe nature, and many citizens argue that the punishment necessary is the death penalty. These people quote passages such as the an eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth concept from the Old Testament of the Judeo-Christian bible. Some people take the neutral position that there is no right or wrong answer, that each opinion on capital punishment is valid in its own way. Opponents of the death penalty claim that sentencing a person to death does not change the re ality of the situation the harm already done simply cannot be fixed from a vengeance standpoint. You cannot bring the murdered person back by taking the prisoners life. Proponents of capital punishment tend to defend their opinion mainly on two grounds death is a fitting punishment for murder, and executions maximize public safety through incapacitation and deterrence. The view of proponents of the death penalty in reference to the let the punishment fit the crime ideal is that, in the eyes of many law officials and citizens of the United States, if a crime is so serious that it causes irreversible damage or the loss of human life, then the only penalty for such crimes would be death for the individual that committed this act. Many also feel that if an individual can possess the strength and will to take the life of another human being in a planned manner, then they must also in turn be able to face their punishment which could only be a punishment of the same magnitude as the crime they have committed that being for their life to be ended for the common good. These people feel that, while it is the cruelest pu... ...ng the Revolutionary War, once said, I shall ask for the abolition of the punishment of death until I have the infallibility of human judgment demonstrated to me. Some radical death penalty opposers even go so far as to claim that those who support such punishment with the excuse of an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth are like immature children who continue to insist on the principle of childish payback and petty revenge. They sy that these people did not listen to their mothers when they were told two wrongs do not make a right. They say these men and women have not grown out of a tendency toward violence and a shunning of the virtues of mercy and forgiveness, in addition to morality. Opposing the death penalty does not mean sympathy with convicted murderers. On the contrary, murder and manslaughter both demonstrate a lack of respect for life . For this very reason, a policy of state-authorized killings is immoral. Criminals no doubt need to be punished, but severity of punishment should have its limits, beginning with the use of human dignity. Governments that respect these limits do not use premeditated and violent homicide as an instrument of keeping the peace.

PMCN Case Study Essay -- PMCN Analysis

The theory of political economy does not furnish a body of settled conclusions immediately applicable to policy. It is a method rather than a doctrine, an utensil of the mind, a technique for thinking, which helps the possessor to draw correct conclusions. The ideas of economists and politicians, both when they are right and when they are wrong, are more powerful than is commonly understood. Indeed the cosmea is ruled by little else. Practical men, who believe themselves to be quite exempt from any intellectual influences, are usually the slaves of some defunct economist. (John Maynard Keynes, the oecumenical Theory of Employment, Interest and Money p 383) Critically assess the extent to which the ideas of economists might improve the performance of an organisation of your choice. Table of ContentsIntroduction3Context4Literature Review51. Microeconomic Concepts and the PMCN51.1 Transactions Cost Theory51.2 Profit Maximization72. macroeconomic Concepts and the PMCN92.1 Fiscal Polic y and the Budget.92.2 Monetary Policy Rules Based Framework/Taylor Rule.113.Synthesis and Conclusion13References14Bibliography18IntroductionThis stem provides a critical assessment of the performance of organizations which could be linked to economic theories and concepts. Through a review of various literature, research and conclusions of economists such as Friedman (1970), Coase (1937), Williamson (1981, 1998, 1975), Sloman et al. (2013), Powell (1990), Taylor (2011, 2012) and so on, the researcher presents a critical assessment of the microeconomic and macroeconomic concepts which were found to affect performance of a typical organizations. The concepts were also linked to other aspects of economics ... ...ft/wp/2013/wp1365.pdf. Accessed on 21st of April 2014.Grossman, S.J and Hart, O.D (1983). An Analysis of the Principal-Agent Problem. Econometrica Vol. 51, No. 1 January 1983. Available on http//classes.maxwell.syr.edu/ecn611/GrossmanHart83.pdf. Accessed on 20th of April 201 4.Jensen, M.C and Meckling, W.H (1976). Theory of the Firm Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and self-will Structure. Journal of Financial Economics, October, 1976, V. 3, No. 4, pp. 305-360. Available on http//www.sfu.ca/wainwrig/Econ400/jensen-meckling.pdf. Accessed on 20th April 2014.Tadelis, S and Williamson, O (2010). Transactions Cost Economics. University of California BekerleyThe IMF (2014). Fiscal Policy and Income Inequality. international Monetary Fund Policy Paper. Available on http//www.imf.org/external/np/pp/eng/2014/012314.pdf. Accessed on 21st of April 2014.

Essay on Satire, Sarcasm, and Irony in Catch-22 by Joseph Heller

Satire, Sarcasm, and Irony in Catch-22 Joseph Hellers narration, dialogue, and characterization in Catch-22 all create a unique perspective of war and our societys bureaucracy. The satire, sarcasm, irony, and general absurdity of the novel provide a view of the irrationality of mans behavior. The horror that is portrayed in Catch-22 is intensified by the humorous way in which it is portrayed. Distortion and exaggeration highlight the characters and scenario while magnifying the confusion. Parallel structure and repetition serve to reinforce the novels themes. The most important and predominant aspects of Hellers style are satire, sarcasm, and irony. Heller pokes fun at the faults of society. At the same time, this humor emphasizes Hellers social commentary much more effectively than he could by simply coming out and stating his opinion. Satire is particularly important in Catch-22. It is often used to highlight the idiocy of the military hierarchy. It also conveys a good sense of humor that opposes and intensifies the dark seriousness of the book. Language is also satirized when Heller makes fun of the official jargon used by military personnel. Sarcasm could be considered a counterpart of satire. The characters portrayed in the novel use sarcasm profusely. The authors view is made clear with the blatant sarcasm used by both Yossarian and the fibber ...how much reverence can you have for a supreme Being who finds it necessary to include such phenomena as phlegm and tooth decay in His nobleman system of creation?( 98) Irony is a nonher important aspect of the novel. Irony is an integral part of the Catch-22 philosophy. The irony of the catch is that it perpetuates itsel... ... in the novel. For example Im coolness, Snowden said softly. Im cold Youre going to be all right, kid, Yossarian reassured him with a grin. Youre going to be all right. Im cold, Snowden said again in a frail, childlike voice. Im cold. There, there, Yossarian said, because he d id not know what else to say. There, there. Im cold, Snowden whispered. Im cold. There, there. There, there. All of these aspects of style come together very well. They play off of each other and are combined easily and appropriately. It is this culmination of styles that makes Catch-22 so effective. Works Cited and Consulted Heller, Joseph. Catch-22. New York. Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Kennard, Jean E. Joseph Heller At War with Absurdity. Contemporary Literary Criticism.(75-87) Ed. Roger Matuz. DetroitL Gale 1990.

Violent Athletes Essay -- Essays Papers

Violent AthletesWhen Indiana Pacer, Ron Artest, charged into the stands with forty-five seconds remaining in a NBA game, last November, between the Pacers and the Detroit Pistons, the horrify waves reverberated immediately. Video clips showed Artest pummeling Pistons fans with his fists. Replays also revealed that it was fans, throwing a cup of beer at Artest, which sent the NBA superstar on his rampage. It was one of the ugliest incidents ever seen in American professional sports. Sports fans and non-sports fans alike witnessed the disorganised turn upbreak of violence from the serenity of their own living rooms. NBA junkies saw the scene unfold during the games feel broadcast on cable TV. Sports fans caught highlights of the melee on ESPNs SportsCenter. American housewives experienced the outrage as they watched their local ten oclock evening news. For weeks this basketball brawl was non only headlines news on sports pages but it also became the accent of mainstream American debate. Everyone had an opinion on who was to blame It was the players who began the brawl on the court and then took it into the stands. It was the fans who provoked multimillionaire athletes into anger by throwing debris down on them. It was the palace at Auburn Hills security who failed to bring the situation under control. It was the NBA for encouraging such thuggish behavior from its players and then allowing their violence to take place on live TV. Opinion makers from all perspectives weighed in on the issue. Newspaper columnists and TV talking heads kept the brawl in the national spotlight. Some condemned the incident some pardon it, and some just wondered what all the fuss was over. In the end five Pacers players and seven Pistons fans were charged... ...at they agree on. Or at least one that they are not so strongly divided over. Hopefully this will help strengthen the debate both in the media and outside of it, as Americans try to figure out if athletes really are good role models for our youth.Works Cited BasketBrawl.US. http//www.basketbrawl.us.Limbaugh, Rush. Time for NBA to Stop Pretending. 8 December 2004. http//www.rushlimbaugh.com/home/estack/time_for_nba_to_stop_pretending.guest.htmlPostman, Neil. Amusing Ourselves to Death Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business. Penguin Books, New York 1986.Simpson, Carole. Where Are the Role Models? ABC NEWS. 28 November 2004. http//search.abcnews.go.com/US/id=2800796. Accessed 10 March 2005.Traudt, Paul J. Media, Audiences, Effects An Introduction to the study of media discipline and audience analysis. Pearson Education Inc. 2005.